Central chemoreceptor drive to breathing in unanesthetized toads, Bufo paracnemis
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2018, Acta HistochemicaCitation Excerpt :Consequently, the combined effect of a decrease in pH and increase in PCO2 of CSF is not additive to ventilation (Amin-Naves et al., 2007b). These results are similar to those of previous studies in toads, wherein the perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle with acidic, hypercapnic and acidic-hypercapnic CSF elicited hyperventilation (Smatresk and Smits, 1991; Branco et al., 1992, 1993) – in these animals, the combined effect of low pH and high PCO2 in CSF was not additive to ventilation as well (Smatresk and Smits, 1991). Finally, although there is evidence for central chemosensivity to CO2/H+ in one air-breathing holostean (Wilson et al., 2000), it is generally considered that peripheral gill receptors are the predominant sites for detecting CO2/H+ in actinopterygian fishes.
Orexin in the toad Rhinella schneideri: The location of orexinergic neurons and the role of orexin in ventilatory responses to hypercarbia and hypoxia
2016, Respiratory Physiology and NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :Hypercarbia is a powerful stimulus of the respiratory control system. In amphibians, the presence of central respiratory chemoreceptors has been clearly established (Smatresk and Smits, 1991; Branco et al., 1992; Noronha-de-souza et al., 2006; Santin and Hartzler, 2013). Central chemoreceptors responding to changes in PCO2/pH are an important source of respiratory drive in amphibians.
Role of brain nitric oxide in the cardiovascular control of bullfrogs
2013, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyCitation Excerpt :The animals were euthanized once the protocols were completed. The ionic composition of the mCSF in mEq/L [pH = 7.8 at 25 °C (Branco et al., 1992)] was 56.6 NaCl, 2.7 KCl, 0.9 CaCl2, 0.45 MgSO4, and 27.0 NaHCO3. Changes in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP), heart rate (ΔHR) and cutaneous vascular conductance (Δ%CVC) were determined by comparing baseline values with maximal drug effects (Minson et al., 2002; Green et al., 2006; Seebacher and Franklin, 2007).