Journal of Molecular Biology
CommunicationHuman interleukin 4: The solution structure of a four-helix bundle protein☆
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A specialized method of sputum collection and processing for therapeutic interventions in cystic fibrosis
2019, Journal of Cystic FibrosisCitation Excerpt :Other sputum inflammatory biomarkers that have been associated with clinical events such as exacerbations include calprotectin [74], high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) [75] and YKL-40 [76]. A contributing factor to the variability and suboptimal reproducibility seen in sputum is the acquisition, handling and processing of the samples, which in many cases involves the use of the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) [70, 73, 77–92]. In addition, there is also the possibility that sampling only PWCF who spontaneously expectorate sputum may result in a biased, “sicker” population, whereas relying on those PWCF who are fit for BAL may bias the population to a less sick cohort.
Characterization of cryptic allosteric site at IL-4Rα: New paradigm towards IL-4/IL-4R inhibition
2019, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :So far, only the extracellular binding region of IL-4Ra has been resolved, comprising of two fibronectin-III (fnIII) type domains each having stretch of 100 residues which are connected by a linker region [10]. While the ligand protein (IL-4) binding with receptor is a four-helix complex [11,12] arranged in anti-parallel manner with two elongated loops linked by a short beta-sheet structure [13–18]. The charge complementarity between the crucial residues of IL-4 and its receptor alpha plays a key role in their protein-protein interactions [19].
Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box
2016, Cytokine and Growth Factor ReviewsCitation Excerpt :SHP-1 tyrosine phosphorylation enhances its phosphatase agility [64],while SHP-2 phosphorylation generates binding site for proteins having SH2 subunits such as IRS-1, p85, Grb2 [65]. Irina G. Luzina et al. verified that SHP-1 reduces STAT-6 signaling by hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol (3–5) triphosphate and the product of PI3 kinase activity via type-I receptor complex [17,66]. Reduction in IL-4/IL-13 signaling is also achieved by accelerated activation of SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins [67].
The existence of multiple conformers of interleukin-21 directs engineering of a superpotent analogue
2007, Journal of Biological ChemistryCitation Excerpt :A common feature for hIL-2, hIL-4, and hIL-21 is the disordered CD loop. NMR structures have previously been reported for IL-2 (4) and IL-4 (5, 6, 25). Compared with the four-helix bundle, the CD loop, excluding the β-sheet, is poorly defined in both structures.
On-column refolding of recombinant human interleukin-4 from inclusion bodies
2004, Protein Expression and Purification
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This is a contribution from the Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences which is supported by the U.K. Science and Engineering Research Council and the Medical Research Council.