Histological examination of the central nervous system in the diagnosis of botulism
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Evaluation of Synaptophysin as an Immunohistochemical Marker for Equine Grass Sickness
2010, Journal of Comparative PathologyCitation Excerpt :This finding appears to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause GS (Tocher et al., 1923; Tocher 1924; Hunter et al., 1999; Hunter and Poxton, 2001), but does not preclude involvement of other toxins from this organism such as the C2 and C3 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylating toxins, which have also been proposed as a cause of neurodegeneration in GS (Hunter et al., 1999). The finding is, however, consistent with previous reports that neurodegeneration does not occur in human and animal botulism, including that caused by neurotoxins from C. botulinum type C (Cowdry and Nicholson, 1924; Pamukcu, 1954; France, 1989). Neuroparalytic botulism develops when BoNTs cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, which are required for fusion and exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles, resulting in failure of synaptic transmission (Baldwin and Barbieri, 2007).
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2010, Journal of Forensic SciencesBotulism in a 3-month-old foal
2009, Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Grosstiere - Nutztiere