Exposure to risk and the risk of exposure
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Cited by (13)
Some implications of an event-based definition of exposure to the risk of road accident
2015, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :A trial, as defined and exemplified by Hauer, represents an event as defined later in this paper. Risk and Shaoul (1982) discuss the common use of vehicle kilometres as an indicator of exposure. They note: “It is not possible to calculate a true accident probability using conventional mileage-exposure data, since, no means exist by which the accident “trials” may be identified or counted.
Multivariate exposure modeling of accident risk: Insights from Pay-as-you-drive insurance data
2014, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and PracticeCitation Excerpt :While the Texas Mileage Study referenced in the previous section found a linear relationship between mileage and insurance claims, the literature has also discussed non-linear relationships particularly for low-mileage drivers (Janke, 1991; Staplin et al., 2008; Langford et al., 2008). Risk and Shaoul (1982), by pointing out that the measure of vehicle mileage “seems to reflect mainly the extent rather than the degree of accident risk exposure”, introduced a more differentiated view of exposure. While extent signifies a quantitative representation of exposure, e.g., accumulated mileage, degree refers to qualitative characteristics of exposure.
A disaggregate approach to crash rate analysis
2003, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :On this premise, distance traveled and time spent traveling, which suggest duration of exposure, have traditionally been enlisted as natural modifiers of crash risk. The manner in which these modifiers have been used in crash rate estimation, however, has invited strong criticism (Chipman, 1982; Risk and Shaoul, 1982; Mahalel, 1986; Janke, 1991). Often criticized is the linearity assumption embedded in the quotient “number of accidents per unit distance traveled” (Mahalel, 1986).
The role of exposure in comparisons of crash risk among different drivers and driving environments*
1993, Accident Analysis and PreventionUsing multinomial regression to explore the spatial factors affecting left-turn oncoming accidents involving motorcycles
2022, Traffic Injury Prevention