Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir
Introduction
Guanting Reservoir located northwest of Beijing (approximately 90 km northwest) was built in 1952, with a storage capacity of 410 million m3 and is one of two main water resources (92.98% of the total reservoir storage capacity in Beijing) for agriculture, industry and potable uses of Beijing. Since Guanting reservoir has suffered from extensive pollution over the last years (particularly in 1980s) due to runoff from non-point sources, direct dumping of wastes, unmanaged fishing, unrestricted shipping, mineral exploitation, and pollutants carried by rivers (Wang et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2004). Water from this reservoir was not used as potable water since 1997.
Pesticides are important class of pollutants in Guanting reservoir. Not only can the pesticides be bio-concentrated through biogeochemical processes, but also often scavenged from the water through sorption onto suspended material, and then they get deposited to become a part of the bottom substrate. The sediment component of aquatic ecosystems can deposit pesticides. Consequently, bottom sediments often become storage of pesticides in the environment (Khan, 1977; Chau and Afgan, 1982). Different pesticides pose varying degrees and types of risk to water quality. Some pesticides (such as parathion and other organophosphate compounds) are highly soluble in water and relatively short-lived in the environment and may cause short-term problems when present at high concentrations. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide (HEPO), endosulfan I, endosulfan II, and endosulfan sulfate are only slightly soluble in water and highly resistant to degradation by biological, photochemical or chemical means, and their residues may persist in soil, aquatic sediment, and biomagnify in the food web (Tanabe et al., 1997). Over the past 30 years, the occurrence of OCPs in the environment is of great concern due to their persistent (Doong et al., 2002a) and long-range transportable nature (Fillmann et al., 2002) as well as toxic biological effects (Tanabe et al., 1994; Wania and Mackay, 1996). Studies have suggested that OCPs may affect the normal function of the endocrine system of humans and wildlife (Colborn and Smolen, 1996; Xue et al., 2005). Thus, OCPs in aqueous environment have attracted extensively interests from environmental scientists and public.
Despite the ban and restriction on the usage of some OCPs in developed countries during the 1970s and 1980s, some developing countries are still using them for agricultural and public purposes because of the low cost and versatility in controlling various insects (Iwata et al., 1994; Tanabe et al., 1994; Monirith et al., 2003). In fact OCPs, in some cases, are still used or they are present as persistent residues of previous uses. Some surveys of OCPs contamination have been reported in coastal and estuarine sediments collected from Asian countries such as Vietnam, Turkey, Korea and China (Nhan et al., 1999; Bakan and Ariman, 2004; Khim et al., 1999; Doong et al., 2002a, Doong et al., 2002b; Hong et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2004) indicating the presence of significant source of OCPs in this region. Several studies have reported the presence of elevated levels of OCPs, such as DDTs and HCHs, in seawater and sediments in China (e.g. Zhou et al., 2001). However, most studies examined OCPs levels in waters, sediments from the marine environment, and little information is available on OCPs contamination in freshwater samples.
The tributaries of Guanting reservoir flow through agricultural area where agrochemicals are used intensively to improve crop yields. OCPs were used heavily in these areas from the late 1940s through 1983, when they were phased out, and ultimately, some of them, banned. Although some studies have assessed the environmental quality of Guanting reservoir, data on OCP residues in surface sediments are very scarce and focus mainly on HCHs and DDTs (e.g. Wang et al., 2003). Previous studies suggested that the sediment in the reservoir was the main pollution sources of OCPs (Wang et al., 2003). Hence, comprehensive studies on organochlorine residues in sediments are need to understand the status of contamination in the Guanting reservoir.
This study focuses on the composition, distribution and characterization of 21 OCPs in surface water, pore water and surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir and focuses on assess in the status of OCPs contamination in the reservoir. The data would be useful to local government to remediate the contaminated water body in order to utilize the potential municipal water supply.
Section snippets
Study area and sampling locations
The locations of the sampling sites are shown in Fig. 1. The sites were chosen based on hotspots of pollution around Guanting reservoir such as industrial region, domestic wastewater discharge areas or entrances of rivers. Throughout the survey a global positioning system (GPS) was used to locate the sampling locations. The top sediment samples (a mixture of sediment from the upper 10 cm) were collected by a grab sampler (Wildlife supply company, SAGINAW, Michigan, USA) in more than seven
Physicochemical characteristics of sediment and water samples
Table 2 provides the basic physicochemical parameters of sediment samples collected from the Guanting reservoir. The depth of water column above the sediment layer was between 8.5 and 1.2 m. The water content of sediments ranged from 36.1% to 71.5%. The organic matter (denoted by loss on ignition, LOI %) of sediments ranged from 3.98% to 8.49%. The maximum organic matter of the sediment samples was observed at the sampling site 7 which is located in front of a dam. Sediments with high organic
Conclusions
A multiresidue analysis method based on GC was developed for the analysis of OCPs in water and surface sediment.
The analyses showed the concentrations of OCPs in water from Guanting reservoir are generally lower than the Chinese standards (in the grade 1–3 surface water), after the usage was banned or restricted for 20 years in the area. However, values in a few sites are considerably high relative to standards for water supply.
OCPs in Guanting reservoir were mainly caused from several pathways
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, China (2003CB415005). The authors wish to thank Mr. Zhe Cao and Dr. Ping Li from Agilent Technologies, Beijing Environment Lab. for helping with mass spectrometric confirmations. The authors wish to thank Dr. Rongbiao Zhao and Dr. Zhao Rusong, Dr. Xuetong Wang, Dr. Yangzhao Sun, for the help of sampling on site.
References (41)
- et al.
Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments along the coast of mid-Black Sea region of Turkey
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
(2004) - et al.
Distribution and fate of organo-chlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan
Chemosphere
(2002) - et al.
Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River Estuary, Taiwan
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
(2002) - et al.
Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments from Black Sea
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
(2002) - et al.
Distribution and fate of organochlorine pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
(1999) - et al.
Geographical distributions of persistent organochlorines in air, water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and their implications for global redistribution from low latitudes
Environ. Pollut.
(1994) - et al.
Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
(2003) - et al.
Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs along the coast of north Vietnam
Sci. Total Environ.
(1999) - et al.
Multiresidue screening of neutral pesticides in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry
Anal. Chim. Acta
(2004) - et al.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in Hong Kong surficial sediments
Chemosphere
(1999)
Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India
Water Res.
Global contamination by persistent organochlorines and their ecotoxicological impact on marine mammals
Sci. Total Environ.
Persistent organochlorine residues in Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
PCDD/Fs, PCBs, HCHs and PCBs in sediments and soils of Ya-Er Lake area in China: results on residue levels and correlation to the organic carbon and the particle size
Chemosphere
Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments from Chinese river/estuary systems
Environ. Pollut.
Regional distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic development
Chemosphere
Status of persistent organic pollutants in the sediments from several estuaries in China
Environ. Pollut.
Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China
Environ. Pollut.
Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China
Environ. Pollut.
Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils
J. Soil Sci.
Cited by (118)
Combined pollution characteristics and ecological risks of multi-pollutants in Poyang Lake
2024, Environmental PollutionPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in intertidal sediment and water from Lagos lagoon: Baseline report on occurrence, distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment
2023, Journal of Hazardous Materials AdvancesContamination profile and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Guanting Reservoir, a former drinking water source with degraded water quality
2023, Journal of Water Process EngineeringDistribution and ecological risk assessment of herbicide residues in water, sediment and fish from Anyim River, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
2023, Environmental Toxicology and PharmacologyIncreasing perfluoroalkyl substances and ecological process from the Yongding Watershed to the Guanting Reservoir in the Olympic host cities, China
2019, Environment InternationalCitation Excerpt :Others have studied water quality of the reservoir, from contamination to management and control, particularly with regard to ecological compensation and constructed wetlands (Luo et al., 2009; Cheng et al., 2018). Further, some pollutants, including N, P, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been thoroughly investigated (Huang et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006; Xue et al., 2006; Luo et al., 2007; Dai et al., 2008). Currently, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and antibiotic resistance genes have also been reported in the watershed (Zhang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018).