Trends in Cognitive Sciences
TMS in cognitive plasticity and the potential for rehabilitation
Section snippets
TMS and motor imagery
Neuroimaging has shown that the anatomical neural substrates of motor imagery, a complex cognitive phenomenon, partly coincide with those of actual movement execution [24]. TMS provides clues about the temporal dynamics of the brain activity underlying motor imagery. Indeed, following single-pulse TMS over contralateral M1, the amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) of those muscles acting as ‘prime movers’ within the motor program is increased, both when wrist movements 25, 26 or more
Sensory functions and neglect
Following earlier studies 50, 51, recent research has focused on TMS effects on somatosensory areas, to investigate whether interfering with one hemisphere could significantly affect ipsilateral and contralateral sensory perception during a unimanual or a bimanual stimulation task (Figure 1, square 2). Several recent observations are relevant to the prospect of rehabilitation.
In healthy subjects, single-pulse TMS delivered to the right parietal cortex, 20–40 ms after bimanual stimulation,
Reasoning, memory and other cognitive activities
It is known that rTMS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transiently impairs encoding and retrieval mechanisms in human memory when TMS is coincident with either visuo-spatial [61] or verbal stimuli 62, 63, suggesting a causal role for this region in the long-term memory process. Interference with rTMS is therefore complementary to more traditional neuroimaging studies based on haemodynamic (fMRI) or metabolic (PET) approaches to cognitive challenges. However, it should be kept in mind that
Conclusions
There are exciting prospects for the use of TMS as a tool to promote changes of brain activity paralleled by behavioral improvements, although, at present, these are generally short-lived. However, a growing body of evidence is converging on the possibility that TMS induces an exogenous plastic rearrangement of synaptic efficacy in the stimulated network. Most evidence comes from studies on sensorimotor areas, but the principles are probably equally applicable to networks subserving cognition,
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2021, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :There is a growing interest in TMS as a tool for cognitive enhancement and rehabilitation, in addition to the more established use for evaluating the effect of TMS-induced cortical inhibition on cognitive function. Many studies employing various TMS paradigms have showed a facilitatory effect on motor and cognitive functions such as memory, language, executive functions (Luber and Lisanby, 2014; Rossi and Rossini, 2004). To date, however, TMS-induced enhancements have not been explored in the semantic domain.
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