Chapter 3 The Developmental Integration of Cortical Interneurons into a Functional Network
Section snippets
General Introduction
Alber Szent-Gyogyi once said: “If structure does not tell us anything about function, it only means that we have not looked at it correctly” (Buzsaki, Rhythms of the Brain, 2006). A century ago, our understanding of brain structure was limited to descriptions of its gross anatomy. Cajal's recognition that the neuron was the fundamental building block of the brain provided the first meaningful step in the exploration of how brain structure at a cellular level relates to its ability to manifest
The Classification of Cortical Interneuron Subtypes
Recently, a consortium of scientists specializing in development, anatomy and/or physiology convened at the birthplace of Ramon y Cajal for 3 days to discuss interneuron classification (PING, 2008). Adding to the historical spirit of this venture, the meeting was held in the fifteenth‐century chapel where in his youth Cajal was no doubt compelled to languish. This committee vetted itself with the task of creating a unifying nomenclature for GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, which
Development of Cortical Interneurons
Inhibitory (GABAergic) interneurons, although far less numerous than the excitatory pyramidal neurons, are comprised by at least 15 subtypes, (Markram et al., 2004, Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature et al., 2008). This large variety in inhibition is thought to bestow the brain with the profound nonlinear functionality required for higher cortical processes. While to date no systematic studies have been done across various species, we predict that such a study would reveal that the diversity of
The Integration of Interneurons into Cortical Networks
To this point, we have examined the diversity of cortical interneurons based on their time of origin, or where within the ventral telencephalon they arise. However, at birth, the emergence of specific cortical interneuron subclasses is far from complete. In this section, we will ask how is complexity assembled, by examining emergent interneuron properties and network integration during postnatal development.
A complex set of developmental steps are involved in the integration of interneurons
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Rosa Cossart, Bernardo Rudy, Robert Machold, Elsa Rossignol, Jens Herling‐Leffler, Theofanis Karayannis, and Edmund Au for critically revising this manuscript. We would like to thank Karl-Johan Hjerling for his great graphic support on creating the figures of this manuscript.
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