Atopy history and the genomics of wheezing after influenza vaccination in children 6–59 months of age☆
Introduction
A large multinational clinical trial compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) with intramuscular trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in children 6–59 months of age prior to the 2004–05 influenza season [1]. In the Nashville and Boston cohorts, 99 children completed the trial, six (1 with TIV, 5 with LAIV) developed medically attended wheezing within 42 days following vaccination, and eight (5 with TIV, 3 with LAIV) developed laboratory-confirmed influenza. The epidemiologic and genetic factors involved with adverse events (AEs) after vaccination and lack of vaccine efficacy are poorly understood.
Earlier studies have demonstrated that epidemiologic factors influenced the occurrence of AEs after vaccination. In one large survey evaluating injection site reactions after multiple different vaccines, significantly higher rates of pain and local reactions were seen in females when compared to males [2]. The pathophysiology of these differential responses was hypothesized to be multifactorial with hypersensitivity reactions, route of administration, and hormonal factors being postulated to be involved [2]. Another study compared the size of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine scar between two groups of young children, one with atopy and one without, and found that children in the atopic group had significantly smaller scars than the control group [3].
Recent publications have evaluated the role of genetic factors in adverse events after vaccination. We and others have shown that the systemic and local reactions after vaccinia are linked to specific genetic polymorphisms [4], [5]. Genetic factors are also associated with variable responses to vaccines. Twin and family studies have shown that responses to Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine [6] as well as live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) [7] and varicella [8] vaccinations have a genetic component. Furthermore, genetic studies of the HLA region suggest associations with variable response to the measles [9] and rubella vaccination [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], and candidate gene studies for the cytokines, toll-like receptors, and innate immunity response genes suggest associations with variable response to rubella vaccination [14], [15], [16].
Specifically for influenza, to our knowledge, no studies have been published on the genetics or genomics of adverse reactions following the seasonal influenza vaccination. But, there is evidence that the variability in acute phase response to influenza vaccination may be in part mediated by genetic variants in HLA class II, which appear to modulate antibody responses to influenza vaccination [17], [18]. Moreover, influenza vaccination results in a mild acute phase response in men with or without severe carotid artery disease, supporting the proposed role of genetic variants in the candidate gene NFKBIA in acute phase response to influenza vaccination [19], [20]. Finally, at least one study suggests that altered responses to inactivated influenza vaccine may be associated with host variants in MBL and IL10 [21].
Given the plausibility that both epidemiologic and genetic factors influence vaccine AEs and immunogenicity, we sought to identify the factors associated with wheezing and the occurrence of natural influenza among children who received intranasal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or intramuscular trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in the large multinational influenza trial from the Nashville and Boston cohorts.
Section snippets
Study design
Parents of children who participated in a multinational influenza vaccine efficacy trial from October 20, 2004 to August 31, 2005 at the Nashville, TN and Boston, MA sites were contacted to inquire about participation in this study. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Boston University Medical Center. After consent, parents participated in a telephone interview that included
Study population
In the original influenza trial, 80 children in Nashville, and 19 children in Boston completed the study. Of the original 80 Nashville participants, 64 (80%) agreed to participate in the current study, 62 completed the atopy survey and 58 were successfully genotyped. Of the original 19 Boston participants, all 19 participants completed the survey and 12 were successfully genotyped. As mentioned above in Section 2, the greater proportion of successfully genotyped samples among the Vanderbilt
Discussion
The epidemiologic and genetic factors involved in adverse events (AEs) after vaccination, such as wheezing, are poorly understood. Similarly, epidemiologic and genetic factors involved with vaccine effectiveness are a growing area of interest. In our pilot study of 99 children from Nashville and Boston combined who had received one of two influenza vaccines, we sought to determine any specific genetic or epidemiologic risk factors that might have predisposed a child to develop wheezing after
Conclusions
In summary, this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of retrospectively obtaining atopy surveys and DNA samples from participants to identify factors associated with AE and acquisition of natural influenza infection after vaccination. Family asthma history was a risk factor for wheezing after influenza vaccination. No specific genetic polymorphisms were associated with either wheezing or laboratory-confirmed influenza infection after vaccination. This study is a paradigm for combined
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all of the parents and children who participated in this study, Franklin Pediatrics in Nashville, TN, Pediatrics Associates of Fall River, MA, and all the members of the Boston University Medical Center Research team; the Vanderbilt Research Team, including Mr. Dapo Akingbade (Center for Human Genetics Research) and Cara Sutcliffe, Ph.D. (General Clinical Research Center and DNA Resources Core); and The Vanderbilt University Center for Human Genetics Research and
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The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.