Behavioural NeuroscienceEstradiol prevents ozone-induced increases in brain lipid peroxidation and impaired social recognition memory in female rats
Section snippets
Animals
Animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines and requirements of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and those of the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. The number of animals used and the animals’ suffering was minimized. Adult virgin female Wistar rats from our colony were used as subjects (n=180); plus 60 that were juveniles used as test stimuli giving a total of 240. The adults weighed 263.56 g±13.8 g and
Social recognition memory and olfactory perception
There was an overall significant difference between the investigation times across treatments (F2,49=40.38, P<0.0013-way ANOVA) and a significant interaction between investigation times and estrogen (F2,49=3.83, P=0.028). Overall there was a significant effect of E2 compared with other treatments (F1,50=7.17, P=0.01) and of the duration of ozone exposure (F1,50=9.85, P<0.001)—i.e. 60-day ozone exposure produced a greater impairment than 30-day exposure. There was also an interaction between
Discussion
Our results clearly show that ozone inhalation for periods of either 30 days or 60 days caused oxidative stress damage in the brain, as measured by a dramatic increase of LPO levels in the olfactory bulb. Long term estrogen administration was able to maintain levels of LPO at those seen in control animals, providing further experimental support for the neuroprotective effects of 17-β E2 (Dluzen, 2000). A functional consequence of the ozone exposure was to interfere with the long-term
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by DGAPA and CONACYT (grant # IN216907, 24,784-M, and IN215408 to S.R.-A.) K.M.K. was supported by BBSRC in the UK. The authors are grateful to Gabino Borgonio and Mariana Angoa for their technical assistance, Mrs. Josefina Bolado for preparation of the manuscript and Dr. Anne Segonds-Pichon (a professional statistician) for analysis of the behavioral results.
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