Lipopolysaccharide-induced nigral inflammation leads to increased IL-1β tissue content and expression of astrocytic glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
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2016, Free Radical Biology and MedicineCitation Excerpt :Microglial activation has thus been observed in both sporadic and familial PD patients [73]. Microglial activation in turn leads to increased cytokine formation, ROS production and decreased secretion of trophic factors, inducing neuronal death [66,74,75]. Toxins, such as MPTP and rotenone, as well as mutations of PD-associated proteins like α-synuclein, Parkin, Pink1, DJ-1 and LRRK2, have been reported to activate glial cells and release ROS, inducing astrocyte activation thus amplifying the pro-inflammatory response and increasing microglial phagocytosis [76–79].
6-Hydroxydopamine and lipopolysaccharides induced DNA damage in astrocytes: Involvement of nitric oxide and mitochondria
2015, Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental MutagenesisCitation Excerpt :The neuroprotective and neurodegenerative roles of astrocytes depend largely on the molecules that they release into and take up from the extracellular space. Astrocytes release neurotrophic factors along with various neurotoxic factors like proinflammatory cytokines and increased ROS generation [13–17]. Evidence of astrogliosis in animal models and human post mortem studies of neurological disorders has been reported and showed their association in neuronal death [18–21].
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