Has2 expression in heart forming regions is independent of BMP signaling
Section snippets
Expression of Has2 mRNA during early avian embryogenesis
Whole mount in situ hybridization was used to define Has2 expression in the developing chick embryo (Fig. 1). At HH St. 4 Has2 expression was observed diffusely in the anteriorly migrating hypoblast adjacent to and anterior to Hensen's node and in the primitive streak. By HH St. 6, Has2 mRNAs were localized in a peripheral ring extending bilaterally from the posterior third of the primitive streak anteriorly in two parallel stripes on either side of the streak and the neuroectoderm, and finally
Discussion
Has2-produced hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the extracellular milieu during vertebrate development; in particular, its requirements during heart morphogenesis are well-recognized (Baldwin et al., 1994, Bernanke and Markwald, 1979, Camenisch et al., 2000, Haddon and Lewis, 1991). Despite this, little is known regarding Has2 expression and regulation in the developing cardiovascular system. In this report, we define the expression of Has2 during early avian embryonic development and
Embryo collection
Fertilized white leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at 37 °C and embryos were collected between Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stages 4–24, corresponding to embryonic (E) days 0.5–4 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). Embryos were either fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for in situ hybridization or cultured ex vivo (described below). Timed FVBN mouse matings were established with the morning of vaginal mucous plug defined as E0.5. Embryos were removed from euthanized females at the indicated
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the PANDAs for their dedication to improving the health of children. This work was supported by NHLBI P01 HL063926, R01 HL074070 and R01 HL 077493.
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