Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volume 174, 4 November 2015, Pages 540-560

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012 Get rights and content

Abstract

Ethno-pharmacological relevance

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions at home such as diarrhea, diabetes, pyresis, inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders. Currently, it is one of the most widespread, problematic, and economically damaging agronomic weeds, growing wildly in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present paper summarizes the available information that will aid in future medicine preparation by identifying active ingredients and their mode of action for a specific therapeutic activity using the latest technologies.

Material and method

This review article is based on the information available on the phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological studies on and traditional uses of C. rotundus. The present paper covers the literature available particularly from 2000 to 2015 online (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Web of Science) and in books on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and botany of this plant.

Results

Phytochemical and pharmacological studies revealed the significance of C. rotundus as an antiandrogenic, antibacterial, anticancerous, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antiobesity, antioxidant, anti-uropathogenic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and nootropic agent. This is the most investigated plant worldwide due to the higher concentration of active ingredients in the form of essential oils, phenolic acids, ascorbic acids, and flavonoids in the tuber and rhizomes. Unfortunately, this significant plant species has not been assessed under improved cultivation conditions with the aim of conservation in natural habitats and high quality.

Conclusion

Reports can be found on the ehtnobotanical use of C. rotundus in atherosclerosis, aging, apoptosis, cancer, cystitis, epilepsy, hirsutism, nociception, prostatitis, and genotoxicity disorders. The phytochemical and pharmacological activities of C. rotundus have supported its traditional as well as prospective uses as a valuable Ayurvedic plant. Previous researches focuses on the phytochemistry, biological properties and clinical application of rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus. However, such studies on the other parts of this medicinally important plant are still quest to be investigate. Furthermore, future study should aim at confirming the clinical activities and safety of this plant before being used for the development of new therapeutic agent in human subjects.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge; family: Cyperaceae), an obnoxious weed, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide (Qasim et al., 2014). It is an erect, glabrous, grasslike, fibrous-rooted, perennial herb that can grow up to 70–40 cm height and reproduce widely through rhizomes and tubers (Khalida and Siddiqui, 2014). From the ancient time rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus have long been used as a herbal remedy to treat bowel and stomach disorders in several countries including China, India, Iran, and Japan (Srivastava et al., 2013). It is also considered as an appetizer; diuretic; digestant; nervine tonic; and thirst-relieving, lactodepurant, and Ayurvedic or selective drug for the treatment of amenorrhea, bronchitis, blood disorders, leprosy, spasms, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach disorder, menstrual irregularities, and inflammatory diseases (Ahmad et al., 2012, Hemanth et al., 2013). Scientists have reported that rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus possess antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiperiodic, anticonvulsant, anti-saturative, antipyretic, antifungal, antidiabetic, antimalarial, antilipidemic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumoral, cardioprotective, and wound-healing properties (Kilani-Jaziri et al., 2008, Sundaram et al., 2008, Neffatti et al., 2008, Shivakumar et al., 2009, Dang et al., 2011). The leaves and seeds of C. rotundus are rich sources of volatile oils with efficient bactericidal and fungicidal compounds that improve the digestive system, stimulate appetite, and relieve irritation (Nima et al., 2008). Tannins, alkaloids, essential oils (α-longipinane, β-selinene, cyperene, and caryophyllene oxide), and flavonoids (anthocyanidins, catechins, flavans, flavones, flavanonols, and isoflavane) are the active ingredients responsible for the biological and therapeutic properties of C. rotundus, and they are used in several medicines (El-Kaream, 2012, Ghannadi et al., 2012).

Since the last two decades, various attempts have been made to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of C. rotundus. Unfortunately, no review has been published on such an extensively investigated medicinal plant including such aspects as its botany, traditional uses, phytoconstituents, therapeutic activities, and clinical application. This article aims to provide up-to-date information on the advances in the phytochemical investigations, pharmacological potential, toxicity, and future prospects of C. rotundus.

Section snippets

Taxonomy, distribution, and morphology

C. rotundus is native to Africa, southern Asia, and southern and central Europe; further, it has been successfully naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Srivastava et al., 2013). A member of the Cyperaceae family, this is considered a noxious perennial plant that can grow up to 40-cm height (Khalida and Siddiqui, 2014). Its accepted name is C. rotundus L., and it is usually recognized with many vernacular names and synonyms (Table 1). The plant has an extensive

Traditional and contemporary uses

C. rotundus has been traditionally used as a natural medicinal drug against several clinical disorders in Chinese, Indian, and Japanese ayurvedic system (Singh et al., 1970, Gupta et al., 1971, Dassanayake and Fosberg, 1985). Its tubers have long been used as a natural remedy to cure spasms, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual irregularities (Bhattarai, 1993). Some of its traditional uses are listed in Table 2. Based on the literature available on traditional as well as potential uses, many

Phytochemical investigations

Previous studies identified many chemical constituents such as alkaloids, cyperol, flavonoids, fatty oils, furochromones, glycerol, linolenic acid, myristic acid, nootkatone, starch, saponins, sesquiterpenes, sitosterol, stearic acid, terpenoids, polyphenol, and valencene in the tubers and rhizomes of C. rotundus (Sivapalan, 2013, Hemanth et al., 2013, Sharma et al., 2014). These chemicals are responsible for several therapeutic, pesticidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal properties of C. rotundus

Analgesic activity

The ethanolic and hot water extracts of C. rotundus at 500 mg/kg and 12.7 g/kg were inactive in the hot plate method and acetic acid writhing test, in addition to being non-analgesic (Chow et al., 1979; Mohsin et al., 1989). Later, the analgesic activity of the crude extract of C. rotundus was evaluated by the tail-flick method on mice (Mansoor et al., 2012). When administered orally, the crude extract at 300 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) (dissolved in 0.9% saline solution) showed highly significant

Toxicological studies

Various researchers have addressed the debate on the toxicological properties of C. rotundus by assessing toxins in different extracts (Venkatasubramanian et al., 2010). In an acute toxicity study, 5000 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract of C. rotundus was administered orally in mice. At this concentration, the ethanolic extract did not show any change in the gross appearance of internal organs, toxicity symptoms, and signs of behavior change or mortality (Thanabhorn et al., 2005). Sheik (2014)

Histological studies

To evaluate the gastro-protective potential of the C. rotundus histopathologically, Guldur et al. (2010) examined ischemic-induced villus–crypt necrosis and villus architecture destruction. When orally administered 100–200 mg/kg of the C. rotundus extract, the ischemic animal group showed mild to no microvillus injury due to epithelial cell disorganization. Similarly, oral administration of TOFs at 100 mg/kg p.o. significantly decreases neuronal loss up to 40–55% in the brain regions of rats (

Conclusions

In the Chinese, Japanese, and Indian Ayurvedic medicine systems, C. rotundus is a very popular and commonly used traditional medicine (tonic) to treat several clinical disorders. It is a widely investigated plant species worldwide, due to its promising therapeutic properties. Therefore, this plant species has been used to develop nutraceuticals and pharmacological products. In vivo and in vitro studies provided evidence of its various ethnomedical and potential pharmacological activities, thus

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ReviewCyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

Abstract

Ethno-pharmacological relevance

Material and method

Results

Conclusion

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Taxonomy, distribution, and morphology

Traditional and contemporary uses

Phytochemical investigations

Analgesic activity

Toxicological studies

Histological studies

Conclusions

Bioorg. Med. Chem.

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.

Behav. Brain Res.

Neurosci. Lett.

J. Am. Pharm. Assoc.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.

Food Chem.

J. Ethnopharmacol.

S. Afr. J. Bot.

Chemico-biol. Interact.

Investigating the phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of three sedge (Cyperaceae) species

Not. Sci. Biol.

Anti-oxidant, anti-microbial evaluation and GC–MS analysis of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes chloroform fraction

Am. J. Ethnomed.

Clinically Useful Herbal Drugs

Analgesic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of Cyperus rotundus ethanol extract

Pak. J. Pharmacol.

Medicinal wild plants from Lahore–Islamabad motorway

Pak. J. Bot.

Total oligomeric flavonoids (TOF) of the herb tubers Cyperus rotundus induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in some cancer cell lines, a preliminary study

Mol. Cancer Ther.

Benzodihydrofurans from Cyperus teneriffae

J. Nat. Prod

β-Caryophyllene, a compound isolated from the biblical balm of gilead (Commiphora gileadensis), is a selective apoptosis inducer for tumor cell lines

Evid. Complement. Altern. Med.

Chemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Caryota urens L.

Free Radic. Antioxid.

Pharmacopoeia of India

Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species

The essential oil constituents of Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers, and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the oil

Rec. Nat. Prod.

Biological activity of 1, 8-cineole from levant wormwood

Pharm. Chem. J.

Anti-obesity potential of Cyperus rotundus L. aqueous tuber extract in rats fed on high fat cafeteria diet

Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res.

Anticancer and antioxidant properties of terpinolene in rat brain cells

Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol.

Medicinal plants used by the tribals of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu to treat poisonous bites and skin diseases

Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.

Myrtenal attenuates diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by stabilizing intrinsic antioxidants and modulating apoptotic and anti-apoptotic cascades

Cell. Oncol.

Cinnamaldehyde—a potential antidiabetic agent

Phytomedicine

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome against mercuric chloride induced oxidative stress in rats

Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res.

Phytochemical analysis of aqueous methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria zizanoides and its antifungal activities on indoor airborne fungi of some schools in nagpur city, India

J. Environ. Res. Dev.

Phytochemical and pesticidal properties of Barsanga (Cyperus rotundus Linn.)

JPAIR Multidicip. J.

Antioxidant activity of galloyl quinic derivatives isolated from P. lentiscus leaves

Free Radic. Res.

Investigation on the antioxidant activity of dheela grass (Cyperus rotundus)

Afr. J. Basic Appl. Sci.

Folk herbal remedies for diarrhoea and dysentery in central Nepal

Fitoterapia

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of tubers of Cyperus rotundus Linn. collected from Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci.

Ethnomedicinal plants from Disoi Valley reserve forest of Jorhat district, Assam

Plant Sci. Feed

Weeds of the South

Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils

Curr. Pharm. Des.

Review
Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities