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Patients with Crohn's disease have decreased microbial diversity, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
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Microbial restoration therapies are being studied for management of Crohn's disease and may be an adjunct to standard therapies in the future.
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It may be feasible to modify the gut microbiota community structure or function to treat patients with Crohn's disease with targeted therapies via individual agents, such as probiotics, bacterial consortia, or even dietary
The Microbiome in Crohn's Disease: Role in Pathogenesis and Role of Microbiome Replacement Therapies
Section snippets
Key points
Crohn's disease and altered microbiome
Bacterial dysbiosis is likely a causative factor and an outcome in patients with Crohn's disease.4 Although dysbiosis may develop as a result of bowel inflammation, dysbiosis may also have a role in perpetuating chronic inflammation. Studies of the gut microbiota in patients with Crohn's disease demonstrate an increase in pathogenic microorganisms, whereas populations of normal commensal phyla are diminished.5, 6 In one interesting study, pretreatment gut microbial samples from patients with
Evolution of Microbiome
Following birth, humans develop their gut microbiota through a variety of mechanisms. The mode of delivery (whether vaginal birth or birth by caesarean section), diet, and other environmental factors influence the microbial community as it evolves from a simple community containing a core set of resident bacteria to a more complex, diverse community. In early childhood the microbiota shifts in response to the environment including dietary influences, antibiotic exposure, and illness.
Microbial restoration therapies in Crohn's disease
Because a perturbed microbiome is associated with Crohn's disease, it is conceivable that microbial restoration therapies could be useful in management of Crohn's disease. In patients with Crohn's disease, an understanding of the differences in composition of protective versus inflammatory bacteria and their down-stream metabolic functions may be useful to discover microbial therapeutic targets. It is well known that there is a limited role of antibiotics (treatment of abscesses and fistulae)
Prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics in Crohn's disease
As greater insight into the influence of the gut microbiota on the host immune response is gained, there is a need to explore ways to manipulate the microbiota or its function to modulate the host immune response and restore health. There have been many attempts to shape the gut microbial community with prebiotics and probiotics in patients with Crohn's disease with minimal efficacy. This apparent lack of efficacy may be in part caused by difficulties in administering known and consistent
Microbial restoration therapies in Crohn's disease: more questions than answers
Microbial restoration therapies for Crohn's disease should be carried out only under research settings with an investigation drug use application from the Food and Drug Administration. Because microbial dysbiosis in Crohn's disease is likely a causative factor for and a result of underlying inflammation, microbial restoration therapies remain a major challenge in 2017. The exact nature of the perturbation of the microbiome is not completely understood and it has not been possible to
Microbial restoration therapies in Crohn's disease: a closer look at 2050
With ongoing research, it may be possible to manage patients with Crohn's disease with microbial restoration therapies in addition to conventional immunosuppression medications. Potential steps to tailor therapy for these patients include complete host gene sequencing and microbiome sequencing of the stool and mucosa-associated microbiome. There would be technology and data available to decipher dysbiotic changes in host microbiome in context of host genetic makeup, and compute deficits or
Summary
Patients with Crohn's disease have decreased microbial diversity, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. A better understanding of host-microbe interactions in patients with Crohn's disease is needed. Microbial restoration therapies are being studied for management of Crohn's disease and may be an adjunct to standard therapies in the future. It may be feasible to modify the gut microbiota community structure or function to treat patients with Crohn's disease with
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2022, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :Meanwhile, this influence depends mainly on the stability of GM composition and the diversity of microecology. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that the dysbiosis of GM is associated with several inflammatory and metabolic diseases, such as Crohn's disease [8], ulcerative colitis [9], rheumatoid arthritis [10], type 2 diabetes mellitus [11], non-alcoholic fatty liver [12], and cancer [13]. Consequently, maintaining the balance of the internal microenvironment of GM is very important.
Maternal prenatal smoking and long-term gastrointestinal morbidity of the offspring: A population-based cohort analysis
2021, Reproductive ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :Changes related to maternal smoking during gestation may lead to changes in prenatal and perinatal gut environment. These changes may be mediated by changes in the mother's own microbiome or the variations of in utero chemical environment and may alter the course of development of the offspring's microbiome making him more susceptible to inflammation [25–27]. We also found an increased risk for intestinal herniation and other GI conditions requiring surgical treatment.
Sparse species interactions reproduce abundance correlation patterns in microbial communities
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Disclosure Statement: S. Khanna and L.E. Raffals have no relevant financial disclosures.