Effects of sheared-root inoculum of Glomus intraradices on wheat grown at different phosphorus levels in the field
Introduction
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil inhabitants forming symbiotic associations with the root system of most plant species, including cereals. Various methods such as growth media, hydroponics, and aeroponics have been used to mass-produce AMF inoculum (Sylvia and Jarstfer, 1994). Mohammad et al. (2000) described a technique to produce AMF inoculum based on ultrasonic nebulizer technology. The use of AMF may contribute to reducing chemical fertilizer inputs and sustaining plant productivity in agriculture (McGonigle, 1988), yet according to Medina et al. (1988) introduced isolates differed in their ability to stimulate plant growth in natural soils in the presence of indigenous fungi. The present study was conducted under field conditions to assess the effectiveness of the introduced AMF Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith inoculum on wheat growth at different P-levels.
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Materials and methods
Sheared-root inoculum of G. intraradices (INVAM isolate WV994A-1) was obtained from the University of West Virginia (USA) as sand culture produced aeroponically via ultra-sonic technique (Mohammad et al., 2000). The inoculum (1.75×105 AMF propagules g−1) consisted of root fragments, vesicles, mycelia, and spores passed through a 450 μm sieve and air dried at room temperature for 72 h. The inoculum was mixed with wheat seed at the rate of 0.5 g dry weight per 1000 seed and drilled simultaneously
Results
The indigenous AMF population consisted primarily of G. mosseae, and increased gradually with P-levels (Table 1). The number of spores under P10 and P20 was significantly lower at 16 weeks compared to all other treatments. The number of AMF spores recovered from inoculated wheat plants showed a similar trend, and increased with time at all P-levels. At 16 weeks, higher spore numbers were found under P0 compared to P10 and P20 (Table 1). Most spores recovered from inoculated plants were G.
Discussion and conclusion
Inoculation with G. intraradices stimulated wheat growth beyond indigenous AMF as already reported in different crops (Mosse, 1972, Black and Tinker, 1977, Abbott and Robson, 1978, Chandrashekara et al., 1995). The study site not only had very low indigenous AMF but also very low P-status which allowed for the effectiveness of the introduced AMF to be adequately tested. The indigenous AMF only became locally abundant after 10 weeks. Wheat root inoculation was inhibited by P-fertilization, as
Acknowledgments
The award of a post-graduate scholarship to the first author by AIDAB (Australian International Development & Assistance Bureau—JCSS No.: 5415) is gratefully acknowledged. This research project was partially funded by the UWS-Macarthur Research Board (Research Project No. K931061). Prof. J. Mortan and Dr. Stephen Bentivenga (University of West Virginia) provided sand culture of Glomus intraradices. I would also like to acknowledge the Agriculture New South Wales, Australia, for sparing the
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