A reversible graphite-lithium negative electrode for electrochemical generators
Abstract
Lithium intercalation compounds in graphite have been obtained by electrochemical methods using a solid organic electrolyte (polyethylene oxide with lithium perchlorate). Intermittent electrochemical techniques have enabled the kinetic (diffusion coefficient) and thermodynamic (enthalpy) values to be calculated. Some secondary battery cycling tests using lithium-graphite as a negative electrode are reported.
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Engineering of carbon anodes by laser irradiation for advanced sodium-ion batteries
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Graphite is widely used as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although it is well known lithium ions are inserted between the graphene layers, the details of the structural transition they undergo are not well understood. In this study, we performed operando structural analyses of graphite electrode during the discharge process using neutron diffraction and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and established a solid foundation to clarify the relationship among the LiCx composition, discharging profile, and phase evolution of lithium-intercalated graphite (LIG). The operando analyses enabled us to assess simultaneously the structural changes of LIG along the ab plane (in-plane structure) and the c-axis direction (stage structure). In the de-lithiation process, the intralayer transition was observed on the ab plane from the LiC6-type to the LiC9-type arrangement near the LiC18 composition. The LiC9-type arrangement was retained in the Li-poorer phases such as LiC27, LiC36, LiC54, and LiC72, where the Li de-lithiation proceeded with the interlayer transition to higher-order stages. The phase transition of LIG involves a rapid switchover between the LiC6-type and the LiC9-type intralayer arrangement along with the changes in the interlayer stage structure. A reaction mechanism for the configurational transition on the intralayer and interlayer structure was updated.
Cost-effective microwave-assisted O3- type sodium-based layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
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A review on anode materials for lithium/sodium-ion batteries
2023, Journal of Energy ChemistrySince lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been substantially researched in recent years, they now possess exceptional energy and power densities, making them the most suited energy storage technology for use in developed and developing industries like stationary storage and electric cars, etc. Concerns about the cost and availability of lithium have prompted research into alternatives, such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which use sodium instead of lithium as the charge carrier. This is especially relevant for stationary applications, where the size and weight of battery are less important. The working efficiency and capacity of these batteries are mainly dependent on the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode, which is one of these components, is by far the most important part of the rechargeable battery. Because of its characteristics and its structure, the anode has a tremendous impact on the overall performance of the battery as a whole. Keeping the above in view, in this review we critically reviewed the different types of anodes and their performances studied to date in LIBs and SIBs. The review article is divided into three main sections, namely: (i) intercalation reaction-based anode materials; (ii) alloying reaction-based anode materials; and (iii) conversion reaction-based anode materials, which are further classified into a number of subsections based on the type of material used. In each main section, we have discussed the merits and challenges faced by their particular system. Afterward, a brief summary of the review has been discussed. Finally, the road ahead for better application of Li/Na-ion batteries is discussed, which seems to mainly depend on exploring the innovative materials as anode and on the in-operando characterization of the existing materials for making them more capable in terms of application in rechargeable batteries.