Research paperMultiple magma reservoirs in a rift zone volcano: Ground deformation and magma transport during the September 1984 eruption of Krafla, Iceland
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2019, Journal of Structural GeologyCitation Excerpt :Arguments that fissures are a result of far-field tectonic stress include their orientation in an en-echelon pattern (Gibson, 1969; Nakamura, 1970; Du and Aydin, 1991; Chorowicz et al., 1994), their occurrence immediately after earthquakes (Tryggvason, 1967) or their location on top of fault planes (Sherrod et al., 2013). Conversely, fissures and collapse grabens have long been associated with dyking events (Murray and Pullen, 1984; Tryggvason, 1986; Rubin and Pollard, 1988; Parsons and Thompson, 1991). Recent geodetic studies have confirmed this relationship and show the formation of fissures on top of dykes in real time where the dyking event itself leads to a significant amount of local extension (Wright et al., 2006; Hamling et al., 2009; Calais et al., 2008; Biggs et al., 2009).
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2018, Earth-Science ReviewsCitation Excerpt :These deformation signals indicate an active rift and a magma body with a volume of 48 × 106 m3 at a depth of 3 km bsl beneath the centre of the caldera (Árnadóttir et al., 1998, De Zeeuw-van Dalfsen et al., 2004) (light blue volume in Fig. 5a). Independent tiltmeter measurements suggest that there are multiple magma reservoirs located at different depths that fed the Krafla fires: a shallow reservoir at < 5 km bsl, one at 5–10 km bsl, a reservoir below 20 km and a still-deeper reservoir at an unconstrained depth possibly ranging into the upper mantle (Tryggvason, 1986) (Fig 5a). These multiple deformation sources support a model of stacked dykes and sills that may widen, inflate and deflate locally (Fig. 5).