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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the determination of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the water sample

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Abstract

A microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µ-PAD) is a promising new technology platform for the development of extremely low-cost sensing devices. However, it has low sensitivity that might not enable to measure maximum allowable concentration of various pollutants in the environment. In this study, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed as a preconcentration method to enhance the sensitivity of the µ-PAD for trace analysis of selected pesticides. Four critical parameters (volume of n-hexane and acetone, extraction time, NaCl amount) that affect the efficiency of DLLME have been optimized using response surface methodology. An acceptable mean recovery of 79–97% and 83–93% was observed at 1 µg L−1 and 5 µg L−1 fortification level, respectively, with very good repeatability (2.2–6.01% RSD) and reproducibility (5.60–10.41% RSD). Very high enrichment factors ranging from 317 to 1471 were obtained. The limits of detection for the studied analytes were in the range of 0.18–0.41 µg L−1 which is much lower than the WHO limits of 5–50 µg L−1 for similar category of analytes. Therefore, by coupling DLLME with µ-PAD, a sensitivity that allows to detect environmental threat and also that surpassed most of the previous reports have been achieved in this study. This implies that the preconcentration step has a paramount contribution to address the sensitivity problem associated with µ-PAD.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge thank Addis Ababa University for financial support through a thematic research project, entitled “Developing Innovative Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (µ-PADs): Viable solution for Environmental Monitoring in Ethiopia”. Sheleme also acknowledges North Shewa Zone Administration (Oromia) for sponsoring his Ph.D. study.

Funding

This study was funded by Addis Ababa University (VPRTT/PY-021/2018/10).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Sheleme Beshana, Ahmed Hussen & Seyoum Leta

  2. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanana, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan

    Takashi Kaneta

Authors
  1. Sheleme Beshana
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  2. Ahmed Hussen
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  3. Seyoum Leta
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  4. Takashi Kaneta
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Correspondence to Ahmed Hussen.

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Beshana, S., Hussen, A., Leta, S. et al. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the determination of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the water sample. ANAL. SCI. 38, 1359–1367 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00167-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00167-7

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