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A general overview of the multifactorial adaptation to cold: biochemical mechanisms and strategies

  • Fungal and Bacterial Physiology - Review
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Abstract

Cold environments are more frequent than people think. They include deep oceans, cold lakes, snow, permafrost, sea ice, glaciers, cold soils, cold deserts, caves, areas at elevations greater than 3000 m, and also artificial refrigeration systems. These environments are inhabited by a diversity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that must adapt to the hard conditions imposed by cold. This adaptation is multifactorial and includes (i) sensing the cold, mainly through the modification of the liquid-crystalline membrane state, leading to the activation of a two-component system that transduce the signal; (ii) adapting the composition of membranes for proper functions mainly due to the production of double bonds in lipids, changes in hopanoid composition, and the inclusion of pigments; (iii) producing cold-adapted proteins, some of which show modifications in the composition of amino acids involved in stabilizing interactions and structural adaptations, e.g., enzymes with high catalytic efficiency; and (iv) producing ice-binding proteins and anti-freeze proteins, extracellular polysaccharides and compatible solutes that protect cells from intracellular and extracellular ice. However, organisms also respond by reprogramming their metabolism and specifically inducing cold-shock and cold-adaptation genes through strategies such as DNA supercoiling, distinctive signatures in promoter regions and/or the action of CSPs on mRNAs, among others. In this review, we describe the main findings about how organisms adapt to cold, with a focus in prokaryotes and linking the information with findings in eukaryotes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Basic Sciences Development Program (PEDECIBA, Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas). AR, CV, AE, CCh and SCS are members of the SNI-ANII (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores – Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación).

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  1. Sección Bioquímica, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Ana Ramón, Adriana Esteves, Cora Chalar & Susana Castro-Sowinski

  2. Laboratorio de Biocatalizadores Y Sus Aplicaciones, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de La República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Carolina Villadóniga & Susana Castro-Sowinski

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Contributions

Ana Ramón wrote the section “Which strategies lead to the specific induction of cold-shock and cold adaptation genes?” and was involved in the edition and adaptation of all sections. Carolina Villadóniga summarized the information regarding the thermodynamic parameters involved in cold adaptation. Adriana Esteves described the cellular membranes and their changes; in addition, she drew some figures. Cora Chalar summarized the available information about cold adaptation in mammals. Susana Castro-Sowinski wrote the rest of the sections, edited the text, organized sections and drew some figures.

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Correspondence to Susana Castro-Sowinski.

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Ramón, A., Esteves, A., Villadóniga, C. et al. A general overview of the multifactorial adaptation to cold: biochemical mechanisms and strategies. Braz J Microbiol 54, 2259–2287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01057-4

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