Abstract
Use of benzimidazole fungicides is commonly followed to manage Fusarium wilt disease in many crops. Recently we reported benzimidazole resistance in Fusarium wilt pathogens infecting marigold, carnation and gladiolus. The strategies to manage fungicide resistance include (i) use of alternate compounds (ii) use of combination products and (iii) use of fungicide tolerant bioagents. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum isolates that were tolerant to carbendazim and/or insensitive to copper oxychloride (COC) were evaluated under pot culture for their efficacy against marigold wilt. Isolate Th-GH16B was tolerant to carbendazim and insensitive to COC while isolate Th10 was sensitive to carbendazim and insensitive to COC. Per cent wilt and root colonization by Fusarium solani were recorded at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after inoculation. The rhizosphere population of T. harzianum was also recorded at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after inoculation. The wilt incidence in pathogen alone inoculated pots was 83.3% while there was only 8.33% wilt incidence with combined application of TH-GJ16B isolate and carbendazim at 0.1%. There was 16.66% wilt incidence with application of Th-10 or Th-GH16B along with 0.2% COC. Combination of Th-10 or Th-GJ16B with CuOH (0.2%) could reduce the wilt incidence to 25% compared to 100% infection in inoculation with pathogen alone. There was corresponding reduction in the recovery of Fusarium colonies in treated pots. The treatment TH-GJ16B along with carbendazim reduced Fusarium population by 61.88% compared to Fusarium alone inoculated plants. TH-GJ16B along with COC reduced Fusarium population by 59.3%. The use of carbendazim tolerant strain Th-GJ16B along with carbendazim will more effectively help in management of Fusarium wilt in marigold.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bagwan NB (2010) Evaluation of Trichoderma compatibility with fungicides, pesticides, organic cakes and botanicals for integrated management of soil borne diseases of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Int J Plant Prot 3:206–209
Chung WH, Chung WC, Ting PF, Chang RC, Huang HC, Huang JW (2009) Nature of resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicides in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii and F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli in Taiwan. J Phytopathol 157:742–747
Dubey SC, Suresh M, Singh B (2007) Evaluation of Trichoderma species against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris for integrated management of chickpea wilt. Biol Cont 40:118–127
Elad Y, Shtienberg D (1995) Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration. Integr Pest Manage Rev 1:15–29
Elad Y, Zimand G, Zaqs Y, Zuriel S, Chet I (1993) Use of Trichoderma harzianum in combination or alternation with fungicides to control cucumber gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) under commercial greenhouse conditions. Plant Pathol 42:324–332
Elad Y, Malathrakis NE, Dik AJ (1995) Biological control of Botrytis incited diseases and powdery mildews in greenhouse crops. Crop Prot. 15:229–240
Khan MO, Shahzad S (2007) Screening of Trichoderma species for tolerance to fungicides. Pak J Bot 39:945–951
Kumawat MK, Chandarn NK, Padmavathi T, Sriram S (2016) Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in Fusarium species isolated from horticultural crops. In: abstracts of National symposium on recent advances in plant health management for sustainable productivity, 15–16 December. UAS, Dharwad, pp 79
Magie RO (1975) Tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli to benzimidazole fungicides. Acta Horticult 47:107–112
Mishra PK, Mukhopadhyay AN, Fox RTV (2000) Integrated and biological control of gladiolus corm rot and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli. Ann Appl Biol 137:361–364
Patibanda AK, Upadhyay JP, Mukhopadhyay AN (2002) Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum rifai alone or combination with fungicides against Sclerotium wilt of groundnut. J Biol Cont 16:57–63
Shanmugam V, Ajit NS, Raja R, Dhyani D (2009) Screening of carnation and gladiolus cultivars for vascular wilt resistance. Indian Phytopathol 62:117–118
Sharma YK, Lodha SK, Sriram S, Ramanujam B (2015) Comparative efficacy of biological control agents for the management of cumin wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini. J Spic Arom Crop 24:18–22
Sriram S, Rohini HS, Jalali SK (2011) Bioformulations of carbendazim tolerant isolates of Trichoderma with biocontrol potential. Indian Patent Application No. 2011/CHE/2011
Tapwal A, Kumar S, Gautam N, Pandey S (2012) Compatibility of Trichoderma viride for selected fungicides and botanicals. Int J Plant Pathol 3:89–94
Upadhyay JP, Mukhopadhyay AN (1986) Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii by Trichoderma harzianum in beet sugar. Trop Pest Manage. 32:215–220
Funding
This study was supported by “Indian Council of Agricultural Research”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumawat, M.K., Chandran, N.K. & Sriram, S. Evaluation of carbendazim tolerant strain of Trichoderma harzianum GJ16B for its efficacy in the management of carbendazim resistant Fusarium solani isolate causing marigold wilt. Indian Phytopathology 72, 675–680 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00150-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00150-9