Abstract
In this study, it is aimed to analyze the effect of biomass energy consumption on environmental degradation for BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. For that purpose, the data of CO2 emission values, ecological footprint and its components, “cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing ground, built-up land, and carbon footprint” from 1992 to 2018 are used as criteria of environmental degradation. The diversity of the variables used regarding environmental degradation is important in terms of evaluating the effect of biomass energy consumption in detail. Pedroni and Kao Co-integration tests and FMOLS and DOLS analyses are used to estimate long-term correlation coefficients. With these analyses used, it was aimed to make more reliable estimations with the number of observations in the sample analyzed. According to the result of this study, biomass energy consumption increases ecological footprint values but decreases CO2 emission in BRICS countries. In addition, economic growth increases ecological footprint and CO2 emission; however, urbanization decreases them in BRICS countries.
Article Highlights
-
CO2 and its six sub-components (cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing ground, built-up land, and carbon footprint) and ecological footprint are used as environmental degradation criteria in all analyses.
-
Biomass energy consumption increases ecological footprint in BRICS countries.
-
Biomass energy consumption decreases CO2 emission in BRICS countries.
-
Economic growth increases ecological footprint and CO2 emission.
-
Urbanization decreases ecological footprint and CO2 emission in BRICS countries.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Data are available from the author(s) on reasonable request.
References
Acheampong AO, Adams S, Boateng E (2019) Do globalization and renewable energy contribute to carbon emissions mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa? Sci Total Environ 677:436–446
Ahmed Z, Asghar MM, Malik MN, Nawaz K (2020a) Moving towards a sustainable environment: the dynamic linkage between natural resources, human capital, urbanization, economic growth, and ecological footprint in China. Resour Policy 67:101677
Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S (2020b) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102064
Akram R, Majeed MT, Fareed Z, Khalid F, Ye C (2020) Asymmetric effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions of BRICS economies: evidence from nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lag model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(15):18254–18268
Alola AA, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2019) Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Sci Total Environ 685:702–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
Anser MK, Apergis N, Syed QR, Alola AA (2021) Exploring a new perspective of sustainable development drive through environmental Phillips curve in the case of the BRICST countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(35):48112–48122
Apergis N, Payne JE (2015) Renewable energy, output, carbon dioxide emissions, and oil prices: evidence from South America. Energy Sources Part B 10(3):281–287
Apergis N, Payne JE, Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecol Econ 69(11):2255–2260
Armeanu D (2017) Does renewable energy drive sustainable economic growth? Multivariate panel data evidence for EU-28 countries. Energies 10(3):381
Asteriou D, Hall SG (2007) Applied econometrics: a modern approach using eviews and microfit, revised. Palgrave Macmillan, London
Awosusi AA, Adebayo TS, Altuntaş M, Agyekum EB, Zawbaa HM, Kamel S (2022) The dynamic impact of biomass and natural resources on ecological footprint in BRICS economies: a quantile regression evidence. Energy Rep 8:1979–1994
Baloch MA, Mahmood N, Zhang JW (2019) Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries. Sci Total Environ 678:632–638
Bello MO, Solarin SA, Yen YY (2018) The impact of electricity consumption on CO2 emission, carbon footprint, water footprint and ecological footprint: the role of hydropower in an emerging economy. J Environ Manage 219:218–230
Bento JPC, Moutinho V (2016) CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:142–155
Bhat JA (2018) Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption—impact on economic growth and CO2 emissions in five emerging market economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(35):35515–35530
Bildirici ME (2014) Relationship between biomass energy and economic growth in transition countries: panel ARDL approach. Gcb Bioenergy 6(6):717–726
Bilgili F, Koçak E, Bulut Ü (2016) The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited environmental Kuznets curve approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:838–845
Bourcet C (2020) Empirical determinants of renewable energy deployment: a systematic literature review. Energy Econ 85:104563
Cai Y, Sam CY, Chang T (2018) Nexus between clean energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions. J Clean Prod 182:1001–1011
Charfeddine L (2017) The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Econ 65:355–374
Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhong Z (2019) CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renew Energy 131:208–216
Cherni A, Jouini SE (2017) An ARDL approach to the CO2 emissions, renewable energy and economic growth nexus: Tunisian evidence. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42(48):29056–29066
Damette O, Marques AC (2019) Renewable energy drivers: a panel cointegration approach. Appl Econ 51(26):2793–2806
Destek MA (2016) Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renew Energy 95:478–485
Dietz T, Rosa EA (1997) Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94(1):175–179
Dogan E, Inglesi-Lotz R (2017) Analyzing the effects of real income and biomass energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: empirical evidence from the panel of biomass-consuming countries. Energy 138:721–727
Dogan E, Seker F (2016) Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy 94:429–439
Dong K, Sun R, Hochman G (2017) Do natural gas and renewable energy consumption lead to less CO2 emission? Empirical evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. Energy 141:1466–1478
Engle RF, Granger CWJ (1987) Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica 55:251–276
Farhani S, Shahbaz M (2014) What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region? Renew Sustain Energy Rev 40:80–90
Güvenek B, Alptekin V (2010) Enerji Tüketimi Ve Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerine İlişkin Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Enerji, Piyasa Ve Düzenleme 1(2):172–193
Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econom 115:53–74
Inglesi-Lotz R, Dogan E (2018) The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions a panel analysis of sub- Saharan Africa’s Big 10 electricity generators. Renew Energy 123:36–43
Ito K (2017) CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: evidence from panel data for developing countries. Int Econ 151:1–6
Jebli MB, Youssef SB (2017) The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO2 emissions: evidence for North Africa countries. Ecol Ind 74:295–301
Kang YQ, Zhao T, Yang YY (2016) Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in China: a spatial panel data approach. Ecol Indic 63:231–239
Kao C (1999) Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. J Econom 90(1):1–44
Karmaker SC, Hosan S, Rahman MM, Sen KK, Saha BB (2021) Dynamic linkage between biomass energy consumption and ecological footprint: a panel analysis for BRICS countries
Khan MTI, Ali Q, Ashfaq M (2018) The nexus between greenhouse gas emission, electricity production, renewable energy and agriculture in Pakistan. Renew Energy 118:437–451
Khan SAR, Yu Z, Belhadi A, Mardani A (2020) Investigating the effects of renewable energy on international trade and environmental quality. J Environ Manage 272:111089
Khan I, Hou F, Le HP (2021) The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: fresh evidence from the United States of America. Sci Total Environ 754:142222
Khattak SI, Ahmad M, Khan ZU, Khan A (2020) Exploring the impact of innovation, renewable energy consumption, and income on CO2 emissions: new evidence from the BRICS economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(12):13866–13881
Kobayashi-Hillary M (ed) (2007) Building a future with Brics: the next decade for offshoring, vol 4643. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin
Koengkan M, Fuinhas JA, Santiago R (2020) The relationship between CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation in the Southern Common Market. J Environ Econ Policy 9(4):383–401
Kongbuamai N, Bui Q, Nimsai S (2021) The effects of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption on the ecological footprint: the role of environmental policy in BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(22):27885–27899
Levin A, Lin C, Chu C (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econom 108:1–24
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017a) The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 164:1239–1247
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017b) The nexus of renewable energy-agriculture-environment in BRICS. Appl Energy 204:489–496
Liu JL, Ma CQ, Ren YS, Zhao XW (2020) Do real output and renewable energy consumption affect CO2 emissions? Evidence for selected BRICS countries. Energies 13(4):960
Mahmood H, Alkhateeb TTY, Furqan M (2020) Industrialization, urbanization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: asymmetry analysis. Energy Rep 6:1553–1560
Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy 38(6):2911–2915
Mert M, Bölük G (2016) 23:21669–21681. Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:21495–21510
Mert M, Bölük G, Çağlar AE (2019) Interrelationships among foreign direct investments, renewable energy, and CO2 emissions for different European country groups: a panel ARDL approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(21):21495–21510
Muhammad B, Khan MK, Khan MI, Khan S (2021) Impact of foreign direct investment, natural resources, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on environmental degradation: evidence from BRICS, developing, developed and global countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(17):21789–21798
Nathaniel SP, Nwulu N, Bekun F (2021a) Natural resource, globalization, urbanization, human capital, and environmental degradation in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(5):6207–6221
Nathaniel SP, Yalçiner K, Bekun FV (2021b) Assessing the environmental sustainability corridor: Linking natural resources, renewable energy, human capital, and ecological footprint in BRICS. Resour Policy 70:101924
Nawaz MA, Hussain MS, Kamran HW, Ehsanullah S, Maheen R, Shair F (2021) Trilemma association of energy consumption, carbon emission, and economic growth of BRICS and OECD regions: quantile regression estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(13):16014–16028
Nguyen KH, Kakinaka M (2019) Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and development stages: Some evidence from panel cointegration analysis. Renew Energy 132:1049–1057
Pao H-T, Fu H-C (2013) Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25:381–392
Paramati SR, Sinha A, Dogan E (2017) The significance of renewable energy use for economic output and environmental protection: evidence from the Next 11 developing economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13546–13560
Pata UK (2021) Linking renewable energy, globalization, agriculture, CO2 emissions and ecological footprint in BRIC countries: a sustainability perspective. Renew Energy 173:197–208
Pedroni P (2004) Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econom Theor 20(3):597–625
Pedroni P (2001) Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In: Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Pham NM, Huynh TLD, Nasir MA (2020) Environmental consequences of population, affluence and technological progress for European countries: a Malthusian view. J Environ Manage 260:110143
Rahman MM (2020) Environmental degradation: the role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. J Environ Manage 253:109742
Rahman HU, Zaman U, Górecki J (2021) The role of energy consumption, economic growth and globalization in environmental degradation: empirical evidence from the BRICS Region. Sustainability 13(4):1924
Rauf A, Liu X, Amin W, Rehman OU, Li J, Ahmad F, Bekun FV (2020) Does sustainable growth, energy consumption and environment challenges matter for Belt and Road Initiative feat? A novel empirical investigation. J Clean Prod 262:121344
REN21 2018. Renewables (2018) Global Status Report. http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/17-8652_GSR2018_FullReport_web_final_.pdf
Sadorsky P (2009) Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries. Energy Econ 31(3):456–462
Saidi K, Mbarek MB (2016) Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Prog Nucl Energy 88:364–374
Sarkodie SA, Ozturk I (2020) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: a multivariate analysis. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 117:109481
Shafiei S, Salim RA (2014) Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. Energy Policy 66:547–556
Shahbaz M, Rasool G, Ahmed K, Mahalik MK (2016) Considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth: fresh evidence from BRICS region. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:1442–1450
Shahbaz M, Solarin SA, Hammoudeh S, Shahzad SJH (2017) Bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks: the role of biomass energy consumption in the United States. Energy Econ 68:548–565
Shahbaz M, Destek MA, Polemis ML (2018) Do foreign capital and financial development affect clean energy consumption and carbon emissions? Evidence from BRICS and Next-11 countries. SPOUDAI J Econ Bus 68(4):20–50
Shahbaz M, Haouas I, Van Hoang TH (2019) Economic growth and environmental degradation in Vietnam: is the environmental Kuznets curve a complete picture? Emerg Mark Rev 38:197–218
Sharif A, Raza SA, Ozturk I, Afshan S (2019) The dynamic relationship of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption with carbon emission: a global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations. Renew Energy 133:685–691
Sharif A, Baris-Tuzemen O, Uzuner G, Ozturk I, Sinha A (2020a) Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustain Cities Soc 57:102138
Sharif A, Mishra S, Sinha A, Jiao Z, Shahbaz M, Afshan S (2020b) The renewable energy consumption-environmental degradation nexus in Top-10 polluted countries: fresh insights from quantile-on-quantile regression approach. Renew Energy 150:670–690
Solarin SA, Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I (2017) Validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in India and China: the role of hydroelectricity consumption. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:1578–1587
Solarin SA, Al-Mulali U, Gan GGG, Shahbaz M (2018) The impact of biomass energy consumption on pollution: evidence from 80 developed and developing countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(23):22641–22657
Tamazian A, Chousa JP, Vadlamannati KC (2009) Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy 37(1):246–253
Ulucak R, Khan SUD (2020) Determinants of the ecological footprint: role of renewable energy, natural resources, and urbanization. Sustain Cities Soc 54:101996
Ulucak R, Lin D (2017) Persistence of policy shocks to Ecological Footprint of the USA. Ecol Indic 80:337–343
Waheed R, Chang D, Sarwar S, Chen W (2018) Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO2 emission. J Clean Prod 172:4231–4238
Wang Z (2019) Does biomass energy consumption help to control environmental pollution? Evidence from BRICS countries. Sci Total Environ 670:1075–1083
Wolde-Rufael Y, Weldemeskel EM (2020) Environmental policy stringency, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions: panel cointegration analysis for BRIICTS countries. Int J Green Energy 17(10):568–582
Yazdi S, Beygi E (2018) The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions: for selected African countries. Energy Sources Part B 13(1):13–20
Younis I, Naz A, Shah SAA, Nadeem M, Longsheng C (2021) Impact of stock market, renewable energy consumption and urbanization on environmental degradation: new evidence from BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(24):31549–31565
Zafar MW, Shahbaz M, Hou F, Sinha A (2019) From non-renewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: the role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. J Clean Prod 212:1166–1178
Funding
No specific financial support was received to carry out the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tuna, G. The Impact of Biomass Energy Consumption on CO2 Emission and Ecological Footprint: The Evidence from BRICS Countries. Int J Environ Res 16, 56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00427-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00427-4