Abstract
A gridded thermionic cathode electron gun was developed for the linear accelerator of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). An electron gun should provide a large maximum bunch charge with a wide adjustable range. To satisfy these requirements, the shape of the electrode was optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. A large bunch charge with an adjustable range was achieved using the grid-limited gun, the flow of which was analyzed using 3-D simulations. The electron gun has been manufactured and tested, and the measured data of the grid-limited current and simulation results are compared and discussed in this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Science Data Bank at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00186.00031 and http://resolve.pid21.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.j00186.00031.
References
Y. Jiao, Latest physics design of the HEPS accelerator. Rad. Dete. Tech. Methods 4, 399 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00212-x
Y. Jiao, G. Xu, X. Cui et al., The HEPS project. J. Syn. Rad. 25(6), 1611–1618 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518012110
Y. Peng, Z. Duan, Y. Guo et al., Design of the HEPS booster lattice. Rad. Dete. Tech. Methods 4, 425–432 (2020).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00202-z
C. Meng, X. He, Y. Jiao et al., Physics design of the HEPS LINAC. Rad. Dete. Tech. Methods 4, 497–506 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00205-w
Y. Guo, Y. Wei, Y. Peng et al., The transfer line design for the HEPS project. Rad. Dete. Tech. Methods 4, 440–447 (2020).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00209-6
J. He, Y. Sui, Y. Lu et al., Preliminary study on detection and cleaning of parasitic bunches. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 32(10), 114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00948-1
Z. Duan, J. Chen, H. Shi et al., Using a pre-kicker to ensure safe extractions from the HEPS storage ring. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 32(12), 136 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00974-z
T. Murata and H. Ishibuchi, In: Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 29 November - 01 December 1995
W.B. Hermannsfeldt, EGUN–An electron optics and gun design program. SLAC-331 (1988).
CST Studio Suite 2020, www.cst.com
T. Asaka, T. Inagaki, T. Magome et al., Low-emittance radio-frequency electron gun using a gridded thermionic cathode. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 063401 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.063401
T. Asaka, N. Nishimori, T. Inagaki et al., Transparent-grid scheme for generating cathode-emittance-dominated beams in a gridded thermionic gun. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 60, 017001 (2021). https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/abd0c9
K. Pepitone, B. Cassany, S. Doebert et al., Operation of a high-current drive beam electron gun prototype for the Compact Linear Collider. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91(9), 093302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0013144
A.D. Yeremian, A. Jensen, E. Jongewaard et al., CLIC drive beam gun. SLAC-PUB-16407 (2015)
H. Zhang, S. Wang, D. Li et al., Design and verification of a wide range and high precision electron gun system. Nucl. Tech. 45(5), 050202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2022.hjs.45.050202(in Chinese)
CPI Power Grid Devices-EIMAC Products, https://www.cpii.com
J. Petillo, P. Blanchard, A. Mondelli et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, IL, 18–22 June 2001
Q. Liu, H. Wang, H. Chen et al., Development of the electron gun filament power supply for small size betatron. Nucl. Tech. 45(11), 110401 (2022). https://doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2022.hjs.45.110401(in Chinese)
K. Deb, A. Pratap, S. Agarwal et al., A fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Comput. 6(2), 182–197 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017
L. Wang, W. Fang, Z. Zhao, Design and optimization of low-emittance C-band photocathode RF electron gun. Nucl. Tech. 45(6), 060201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.060201(in Chinese)
J. Wang, K. Zhou, L. Peng et al., High-brightness photo-injector with standing-wave buncher-based ballistic bunching scheme for inverse Compton scattering light source. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 33(4), 44 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-022-01025-x
W. Wang, C. Li, Z. He et al., Commissioning the photocathode radio frequency gun: a candidate electron source for Hefei advanced light facility. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 33(3), 23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-022-01000-6
Poisson code, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report 1987’ LA UR87126
A.S. Gilmour, Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons, Cross-Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons, 1st edn. (Artech House, 2011)
W.D. Kilpatrick, Criterion for vacuum sparking designed to include both rf and dc. Rev. Sci. Instrum 28, 824–826 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1715731
C. Meng, X. He, S. Pei et al., in Proceedings of the International Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 29 April - 04 May 2018
S. Zhang, S. Wang, C. Meng et al., The physics design of HEPS Linac bunching system. Rad. Dete. Tech. Methods 4, 433–439 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00200-1
B. Liu, M. Gu, C. Zhang et al., In: Proceedings of 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, pp. 16–20 (2005)
A.Y. Baikov, C. Marrelli, I. Syratchev, Toward high-power klystrons with RF power conversion efficiency on the order of 90%. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 62(10), 3406–3412 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2015.2464096
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sheng-Chang Wang, Jing-Yi Li and Da-Yong He. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shengchang Wang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, SC., He, DY., Meng, C. et al. Development and simulation of a gridded thermionic cathode electron gun for a high-energy photon source. NUCL SCI TECH 34, 39 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01195-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01195-2