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Automating Security in and Around Soccer Stadiums Through Camera Systems? Report on a Research Project

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Abstract

The article reports on the results of the DFG-funded interdisciplinary (social science and project neuroinformatics) Emotion. Escalation. Violence. The question was whether escalation processes (in and around football stadiums) can be detected automatically using a camera and appropriate evaluation software. The analysis of the data collected in the project (video, participant observation, interviews) showed that an automatic detection system that only looks at all factors in the situation and on site can make only limited statements about the probability of escalation processes. In addition, there is always a need for experienced human actors who are familiar with these processes and can contribute to the assessment of the situation.

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Notes

  1. The project ran from February 1, 2015, to January 31, 2018. A comprehensive project report can be found in Reichertz and Keysers (2018).

  2. For more on the findings of the project team from the Institute for Neuroinformatics, see Horn et al. (2018) and (2019).

  3. The terms frame as well as script, which was introduced later, are also used in the literature on artificial intelligence (Busse 2012), where they refer to a representational format for modeling knowledge about stereotypical situations (frame with subframes, Minsky 1975) or for stereotypical progressions of action (Schank and Abelson 1977).

  4. Each ritual is based on a script that defines what should or must be done by whom, when, and in what order. The script provides the framework for the plot of the ritual. I use the term ‘script’ here when referring to this plot framework. When referring to the function of this plot framework, I use the term ‘ritual.’

  5. How the individual actors and groups coordinate their actions with each other is usually predetermined through implicit scripts, or as in the case of the police, through explicit and sometimes extensive deployment orders.

  6. Of course, there is a hierarchy within individual groups like the police and ultra groups and hence also strategic planning, forms of address, orders, and abidance. This means there is a kind of conductor who issues orders, but only within the groups. There is no one who can control the entire process of going to the soccer stadium.

  7. There is no empirical explanation for how long such a synchronization can be maintained before it dissolves. Organized groups with a leadership structure based on the division of labor will have an easier time maintaining synchronization, while others will have more difficulty.

  8. Without doubt, things look different from different perspectives and in different contexts or from other points of view. The same goes for certain observed forms of behavior, which have different meanings in different contexts. However, this is not what I mean with polycontextual here. Rather, it refers to how different contexts and factors are causally involved in certain observed forms of behavior and that polycontextual analyses incorporate these contexts and make their significance visible.

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  1. Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Essen, Germany

    Jo Reichertz

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Reichertz, J. Automating Security in and Around Soccer Stadiums Through Camera Systems? Report on a Research Project. Eur J Secur Res 5, 59–81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-019-00056-7

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