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Assessment of heavy metal contamination in water of Kali River using principle component and cluster analysis, India

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Abstract

The Kali River is an intermittent river in western Uttar Pradesh (U.P), which receives a huge amount of untreated wastewater containing toxic heavy metals from industrial and urban discharge. The present study aims to assess the heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Pb) contamination in Kali River using heavy metal pollution index (HPI) during pre- and post-monsoon periods in year 2014. The assessment also involves hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) for identification of clusters of sampling locations of similar pollution characteristics, determination of regional water quality variables and their input sources. The result indicates that the overall water quality in Kali River is severely contaminated (i.e., mean HPI >1) with respect to heavy metals concentration and could pose a likely threat to flora and fauna. The outcome of HCA classified similar water quality stations into two clusters and PCA demonstrating up to 97 and 94% of both temporal and spatial changes during pre- and post-monsoon periods, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

The authors (SM and SY) are thankful to MHRD, Government of India for financial assistance in the form of academic scholarship during his Master of Technology programme in Environmental Management of Rivers and Lakes. The authors would like to deeply acknowledge the editor and reviewers for providing careful and useful suggestions to improve the quality of paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomass and Ecosystem Lab, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Saurabh Mishra, Amit Kumar, Silpa Yadav & M. K. Singhal

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  1. Saurabh Mishra
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  2. Amit Kumar
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  3. Silpa Yadav
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  4. M. K. Singhal
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Correspondence to Amit Kumar.

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Mishra, S., Kumar, A., Yadav, S. et al. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in water of Kali River using principle component and cluster analysis, India. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 4, 573–581 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0141-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0141-4

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