Abstract
With unceasing growth in the number of motor vehicles leading to the deterioration in environmental quality, the advancement of energy-efficient electric vehicles has become a significant objective of the automobile industry and a significant area of study for researchers in the recent past. This study presents a comprehensive review and a bibliometric analysis of EV-related studies published during the last two decades, with a particular focus on studies from the developing economies. ScopusTM database is used to search for documents focusing on transportation engineering and allied sciences-related problems, resulting in 1875 journal articles. These articles are analysed to understand the current status of research by considering some of the classic indicators such as the number of publications, the number of citations, H-index for countries and journals. A simple analysis shows that the number of studies on EVs has rapidly been increasing over the last decade. The analysis also reveals a strikingly lower number of publications from the developing economies as compared to the developed economies. A conceptual framework is developed and subsequently used to identify and categorise individual characteristics and alternative attributes affecting electric vehicle adoption. The individualistic factors reviewed in this study include personality traits such as environmental enthusiasm and technological enthusiasm, psychological factors such as attitude, emotions and anxiety and social factors such as social image, self-identity, and social influence. The alternative attributes include financial factors such as perceived fee, monetary value and total cost of ownership, convenience factors such as refuelling time, infrastructural facilities and effort expectancy and technological factors such as driving range, speed, and acceleration. In addition, this study also reviews the impact of socio-demographic variables, knowledge or experience with electric vehicles and policy implementations. This review found psychological, social and performance attributes to be the most stable factors in most of the studies. The improvement and development of supporting infrastructure viz. charging and service facilities was also found to be a positive factor in improving the adoption behaviour by most of the studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang YJ, Peng HR, Liu Z, Tan W (2015) Direct energy rebound effect for road passenger transport in China: a dynamic panel quantile regression approach. Energy Policy 87:303–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.022
Zhang X, Wang K, Hao Y et al (2013) The impact of government policy on preference for NEVs: the evidence from China. Energy Policy 61:382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.114
IEA (2009) World energy outlook 2009. IEA, Paris
U.S. Department of Energy All-Electric Vehicles. https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml. Accessed 15 Nov 2022
IEA (2022) Global EV outlook. Paris
McKinsey Electric Vehicle Index: EV Market Trends & Sales | McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/mckinsey-electric-vehicle-index-europe-cushions-a-global-plunge-in-ev-sales. Accessed 15 Nov 2022
Berkeley N, Bailey D, Jones A, Jarvis D (2017) Assessing the transition towards battery electric vehicles: a multi-level perspective on drivers of, and barriers to, take up. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 106:320–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.004
Dumortier J, Siddiki S, Carley S et al (2015) Effects of providing total cost of ownership information on consumers’ intent to purchase a hybrid or plug-in electric vehicle. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 72:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.12.005
Carley S, Krause RM, Lane BW, Graham JD (2013) Intent to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle: a survey of early impressions in large US cites. Transp Res D Transp Environ 18:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2012.09.007
Dimitropoulos A, Rietveld P, van Ommeren JN (2013) Consumer valuation of changes in driving range: a meta-analysis. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 55:27–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.08.001
Graham-Rowe E, Gardner B, Abraham C et al (2012) Mainstream consumers driving plug-in battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric cars: a qualitative analysis of responses and evaluations. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 46:140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.09.008
Verma M, Verma A, Khan M (2020) Factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles in Bengaluru. Transport Dev Econ 6:17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-020-0100-x
Hidrue MK, Parsons GR, Kempton W, Gardner MP (2011) Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes. Resour Energy Econ 33:686–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.02.002
Bhat FA, Verma M, Verma A (2022) Measuring and modelling electric vehicle adoption of Indian consumers. Transport Dev Econ 8:6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-021-00143-2
Egbue O, Long S (2012) Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: an analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy Policy 48:717–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.009
Hackbarth A, Madlener R (2013) Consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles: a discrete choice analysis. Transp Res D Transp Environ 25:5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.07.002
Bakker S, Maat K, van Wee B (2014) Stakeholders interests, expectations, and strategies regarding the development and implementation of electric vehicles: the case of the Netherlands. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 66:52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.04.018
Campbell AR, Ryley T, Thring R (2012) Identifying the early adopters of alternative fuel vehicles: a case study of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 46:1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.05.004
Schroeder A, Traber T (2012) The economics of fast charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Energy Policy 43:136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.041
Sierzchula W, Bakker S, Maat K, van Wee B (2014) The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy 68:183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043
Biresselioglu ME, Demirbag Kaplan M, Yilmaz BK (2018) Electric mobility in Europe: a comprehensive review of motivators and barriers in decision making processes. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 109:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.017
Coffman M, Bernstein P, Wee S (2017) Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption. Transp Rev 37:79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1217282
Hardman S, Jenn A, Tal G et al (2018) A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transp Res D Transp Environ 62:508–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.04.002
Rezvani Z, Jansson J, Bodin J (2015) Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: a review and research agenda. Transp Res D Transp Environ 34:122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.010
Funke SÁ, Sprei F, Gnann T, Plötz P (2019) How much charging infrastructure do electric vehicles need? A review of the evidence and international comparison. Transp Res D Transp Environ 77:224–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.10.024
Gnann T, Plötz P (2015) A review of combined models for market diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles and their refueling infrastructure. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47:783–793
Pagany R, Ramirez Camargo L, Dorner W (2019) A review of spatial localization methodologies for the electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Int J Sustain Transp 13:433–449
Hardman S (2019) Understanding the impact of reoccurring and non-financial incentives on plug-in electric vehicle adoption—a review. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 119:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.11.002
Hardman S, Chandan A, Tal G, Turrentine T (2017) The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles—a review of the evidence. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:1100–1111
Kester J, Noel L, Zarazua de Rubens G, Sovacool BK (2018) Policy mechanisms to accelerate electric vehicle adoption: a qualitative review from the Nordic region. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 94:719–731
Meisel S, Merfeld T (2018) Economic incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles: a classification and review of e-vehicle services. Transp Res D Transp Environ 65:264–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.014
Rietmann N, Lieven T (2019) How policy measures succeeded to promote electric mobility—Worldwide review and outlook. J Clean Prod 206:66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.121
Shen ZJM, Feng B, Mao C, Ran L (2019) Optimization models for electric vehicle service operations: a literature review. Transp Res Part B Methodol 128:462–477
Li JQ (2016) Battery-electric transit bus developments and operations: a review. Int J Sustain Transp 10:157–169
Hu AGZ (2020) Public funding and the ascent of Chinese science: evidence from the national natural science foundation of China. Res Policy 49:103983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103983
Schiermeier Q (2019) Europe is a top destination for many researchers. Nature 569:589–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01570-3
Teichler U (2015) Higher education research in Europe. The European higher education area. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp 815–847
Manuscriptedit Challenges Faced by Researchers in Developing Countries . https://www.manuscriptedit.com/scholar-hangout/challenges-faced-researchers-developing-countries/. Accessed 19 Jun 2021
Mak HY, Rong Y, Shen ZJM (2013) Infrastructure planning for electric vehicles with battery swapping. Manage Sci 59:1557–1575. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1672
Schneider M, Stenger A, Goeke D (2014) The electric vehicle-routing problem with time windows and recharging stations. Transp Sci 48:500–520. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0490
Schuitema G, Anable J, Skippon S, Kinnear N (2013) The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 48:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.004
Axsen J, Mountain DC, Jaccard M (2009) Combining stated and revealed choice research to simulate the neighbor effect: the case of hybrid-electric vehicles. Resour Energy Econ 31:221–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.02.001
Moro A, Lonza L (2018) Electricity carbon intensity in European member states: impacts on GHG emissions of electric vehicles. Transp Res D Transp Environ 64:5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.012
Degirmenci K, Breitner MH (2018) Consumer purchase intentions for electric vehicles: Is green more important than price and range?—Authors’ reply. Transp Res D Transp Environ 65:846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.024
Jung J, Chow JYJ, Jayakrishnan R, Park JY (2014) Stochastic dynamic itinerary interception refueling location problem with queue delay for electric taxi charging stations. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 40:123–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2014.01.008
Zhang X, Xie J, Rao R, Liang Y (2014) Policy incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles across countries. Sustainability (Switzerland) 6:8056–8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
Pearre NS, Kempton W, Guensler RL, Elango V (2011) Electric vehicles: How much range is required for a day’s driving? Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 19:1171–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2010.12.010
Frade I, Ribeiro A, Gonçalves G, Antunes A (2011) Optimal location of charging stations for electric vehicles in a neighborhood in Lisbon, Portugal. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/2252-12
de Cauwer C, van Mierlo J, Coosemans T (2015) Energy consumption prediction for electric vehicles based on real-world data. Energies (Basel) 8:8573–8593. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8088573
Markel T, Simpson A (2007) Cost-benefit analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technology*. World Electr Veh Assoc J 1:294–301
Sang YN, Bekhet HA (2015) Modelling electric vehicle usage intentions: an empirical study in Malaysia. J Clean Prod 92:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.045
Kühne R (2010) Electric buses—an energy efficient urban transportation means. Energy 35:4510–4513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.055
Thomas CE (2009) Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:6005–6020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003
He F, Wu D, Yin Y, Guan Y (2013) Optimal deployment of public charging stations for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Transp Res Part B Methodol 47:87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2012.09.007
Dong J, Liu C, Lin Z (2014) Charging infrastructure planning for promoting battery electric vehicles: an activity-based approach using multiday travel data. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 38:44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.11.001
Diamond D (2009) The impact of government incentives for hybrid-electric vehicles: evidence from US states. Energy Policy 37:972–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.094
Jensen AF, Cherchi E, Mabit SL (2013) On the stability of preferences and attitudes before and after experiencing an electric vehicle. Transp Res D Transp Environ 25:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.07.006
Liao F, Molin E, van Wee B (2017) Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a literature review. Transp Rev 37:252–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1230794
Verma M, Manoj M, Verma A (2017) Analysis of aspiration for owning a car among youths in a city of a Developing Country, India. Transp Dev Econ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-017-0037-x
He X, Zhan W, Hu Y (2018) Consumer purchase intention of electric vehicles in China: the roles of perception and personality. J Clean Prod 204:1060–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.260
Yeung SPM (2004) Teaching approaches in geography and students’ environmental attitudes. Environmentalist 24:101–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-004-4801-1
Axsen J, Goldberg S, Bailey J (2016) How might potential future plug-in electric vehicle buyers differ from current “Pioneer” owners? Transp Res D Transp Environ 47:357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.05.015
Krupa JS, Rizzo DM, Eppstein MJ et al (2014) Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 64:14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.02.019
Noel L, Sovacool BK (2016) Why Did better place fail?: Range anxiety, interpretive flexibility, and electric vehicle promotion in Denmark and Israel. Energy Policy 94:377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.029
Smith B, Olaru D, Jabeen F, Greaves S (2017) Electric vehicles adoption: environmental enthusiast bias in discrete choice models. Transp Res D Transp Environ 51:290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.01.008
Skippon S, Garwood M (2011) Responses to battery electric vehicles: UK consumer attitudes and attributions of symbolic meaning following direct experience to reduce psychological distance. Transp Res D Transp Environ 16:525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.05.005
Achtnicht M, Bühler G, Hermeling C (2012) The impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles. Transp Res D Transp Environ 17:262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.12.005
Rogers EM, Shoemaker FF (1971) Communication of innovations; a cross-cultural approach, 2nd edn. Free Press, New York
Turrentine TS, Kurani KS (2007) Car buyers and fuel economy? Energy Policy 35:1213–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.03.005
Sheth JN, Newman BI, Gross BL (1991) Why we buy what we buy: a theory of consumption values. J Bus Res 22:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90050-8
Lewis W, Agarwal R, Sambamurthy V (2003) Sources of influence on beliefs about information technology use: an empirical study of knowledge workers. MIS Q 27:657–678. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036552
Lu J, Liu C, Yu CS, Wang K (2008) Determinants of accepting wireless mobile data services in China. Inf Manag 45:52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2007.11.002
Han L, Wang S, Zhao D, Li J (2017) The intention to adopt electric vehicles: driven by functional and non-functional values. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 103:185–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.033
Wang N, Tang L, Pan H (2018) Analysis of public acceptance of electric vehicles: an empirical study in Shanghai. Technol Forecast Soc Change 126:284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.011
Jansson J (2011) Consumer eco-innovation adoption: assessing attitudinal factors and perceived product characteristics. Bus Strategy Environ 20:192–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.690
Sweeney JC, Soutar GN (2001) Consumer perceived value: the development of a multiple item scale. J Retail 77:203–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0
Eppstein MJ, Grover DK, Marshall JS, Rizzo DM (2011) An agent-based model to study market penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy Policy 39:3789–3802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.007
Ozaki R, Sevastyanova K (2011) Going hybrid: an analysis of consumer purchase motivations. Elsevier 39:2217–2227
Burgess M, King N, Harris M, Lewis E (2013) Electric vehicle drivers’ reported interactions with the public: driving stereotype change? Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 17:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.003
Lane B, Potter S (2007) The adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK: exploring the consumer attitude-action gap. J Clean Prod 15:1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.05.026
Sovacool BK (2017) Experts, theories, and electric mobility transitions: toward an integrated conceptual framework for the adoption of electric vehicles. Energy Res Soc Sci 27:78–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.02.014
Liao F, Molin E, Timmermans H, van Wee B (2019) Consumer preferences for business models in electric vehicle adoption. Transp Policy (Oxf) 73:12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.10.006
Kim J, Rasouli S, Timmermans H (2014) Expanding scope of hybrid choice models allowing for mixture of social influences and latent attitudes: application to intended purchase of electric cars. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 69:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.08.016
Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50:179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen I, Fishbein M (1980) Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Beck MJ, Rose JM, Greaves SP (2017) I can’t believe your attitude: a joint estimation of best worst attitudes and electric vehicle choice. Transportation (Amst) 44:753–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9675-9
Plötz P, Schneider U, Globisch J, Dütschke E (2014) Who will buy electric vehicles? Identifying early adopters in Germany. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 67:96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.06.006
Nameghi EN, Shadi MA (2013) Affective and cognitive: consumers attitude toward practicing green (reducing, recycling & reusing). Int J Mark Stud 5:157. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v5n1p157
Moons I, de Pelsmacker P (2015) An extended decomposed theory of planned behaviour to predict the usage intention of the electric car: a multi-group comparison. Sustainability (Switzerland) 7:6212–6245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7056212
Bühne JA, Gruschwitz D, Hölscher J et al (2015) How to promote electromobility for European car drivers? Obstacles to overcome for a broad market penetration. Eur Transp Res Rev 7:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0178-0
She ZY, Sun Q, Ma JJ, Xie BC (2017) What are the barriers to widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles? A survey of public perception in Tianjin, China. Transp Policy (Oxf) 56:29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.001
Mohamed M, Higgins CD, Ferguson M, Réquia WJ (2018) The influence of vehicle body type in shaping behavioural intention to acquire electric vehicles: a multi-group structural equation approach. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 116:54–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.05.011
Musti S, Kockelman KM (2011) Evolution of the household vehicle fleet: anticipating fleet composition, PHEV adoption and GHG emissions in Austin, Texas. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 45:707–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.04.011
Kim JH, Lee G, Park JY et al (2019) Consumer intentions to purchase battery electric vehicles in Korea. Energy Policy 132:736–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.028
Qian L, Soopramanien D (2011) Heterogeneous consumer preferences for alternative fuel cars in China. Transp Res D Transp Environ 16:607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.08.005
Lin B, Wu W (2018) Why people want to buy electric vehicle: an empirical study in first-tier cities of China. Energy Policy 112:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.026
Helveston JP, Liu Y, Feit EMD et al (2015) Will subsidies drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the U.S. and China. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 73:96–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.01.002
Priessner A, Sposato R, Hampl N (2018) Predictors of electric vehicle adoption: an analysis of potential electric vehicle drivers in Austria. Energy Policy 122:701–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.07.058
Schulte I, Hart D, van der Vorst R (2004) Issues affecting the acceptance of hydrogen fuel. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29:677–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.09.006
Shao J, Taisch M, Ortega-Mier M (2016) A grey-DEcision-MAking trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) analysis on the barriers between environmentally friendly products and consumers: practitioners’ viewpoints on the European automobile industry. J Clean Prod 112:3185–3194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.113
Schleich J (2009) Barriers to energy efficiency: a comparison across the German commercial and services sector. Ecol Econ 68:2150–2159
Levine MD, Koomey JG, McMahon JE et al (1995) Energy efficiency policy and market failures. Annu Rev Energy Env 20:535–555. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.002535
Skippon SM, Kinnear N, Lloyd L, Stannard J (2016) How experience of use influences mass-market drivers’ willingness to consider a battery electric vehicle: a randomised controlled trial. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 92:26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.034
Axsen J, Orlebar C, Skippon S (2013) Social influence and consumer preference formation for pro-environmental technology: the case of a U.K. workplace electric-vehicle study. Ecol Econ 95:96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.009
O’Neill E, Moore D, Kelleher L, Brereton F (2019) Barriers to electric vehicle uptake in Ireland: perspectives of car-dealers and policy-makers. Case Stud Transp Policy 7:118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2018.12.005
Thananusak T, Rakthin S, Tavewatanaphan T, Punnakitikashem P (2017) Factors affecting the intention to buy electric vehicles: empirical evidence from Thailand. Int J Electr Hybrid Veh 9:361–381. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEHV.2017.089875
Lim MK, Mak HY, Rong Y (2015) Toward mass adoption of electric vehicles: impact of the range and resale anxieties. Manuf Serv Oper Manag 17:101–119. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2014.0504
Palmer K, Tate JE, Wadud Z, Nellthorp J (2018) Total cost of ownership and market share for hybrid and electric vehicles in the UK, US and Japan. Appl Energy 209:108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.089
Lévay PZ, Drossinos Y, Thiel C (2017) The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: a pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy 105:524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.054
Melliger MA, van Vliet OPR, Liimatainen H (2018) Anxiety vs reality—Sufficiency of battery electric vehicle range in Switzerland and Finland. Transp Res D Transp Environ 65:101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.011
Travesset-Baro O, Rosas-Casals M, Jover E (2015) Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra. Transp Res D Transp Environ 34:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.09.006
Franke T, Krems JF (2013) What drives range preferences in electric vehicle users? Transp Policy (Oxf) 30:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.07.005
Hess S, Fowler M, Adler T, Bahreinian A (2012) A joint model for vehicle type and fuel type choice: evidence from a cross-nested logit study. Transportation (Amst) 39:593–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-011-9366-5
Sovacool BK, Kester J, Noel L, de Rubens GZ (2018) The demographics of decarbonizing transport: the influence of gender, education, occupation, age, and household size on electric mobility preferences in the Nordic region. Glob Environ Chang 52:86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.06.008
Beck MJ, Rose JM, Hensher DA (2013) Environmental attitudes and emissions charging: an example of policy implications for vehicle choice. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 50:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.015
Pierre M, Jemelin C, Louvet N (2011) Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energy Effic 4:511–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-011-9123-9
Ko W, Hahn TK (2013) Analysis of consumer preferences for electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4:437–442. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2234770
Barth M, Jugert P, Fritsche I (2016) Still underdetected—social norms and collective efficacy predict the acceptance of electric vehicles in Germany. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 37:64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.11.011
Heffner RR, Kurani KS, Turrentine TS (2007) Symbolism in California’s early market for hybrid electric vehicles. Transp Res D Transp Environ 12:396–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.04.003
Afroz R, Rahman A, Masud MM et al (2015) How individual values and attitude influence consumers’ purchase intention of electric vehicles—some insights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Environ Urban ASIA 6:193–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425315589160
Heidrich O, Hill GA, Neaimeh M et al (2017) How do cities support electric vehicles and what difference does it make? Technol Forecast Soc Change 123:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.026
Aasness MA, Odeck J (2015) The increase of electric vehicle usage in Norway—incentives and adverse effects. Eur Transp Res Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0182-4
Bjerkan KY, Nørbech TE, Nordtømme ME (2016) Incentives for promoting battery electric vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway. Transp Res D Transp Environ 43:169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.12.002
Clinton BC, Steinberg DC (2019) Providing the Spark: Impact of financial incentives on battery electric vehicle adoption. J Environ Econ Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102255
DeShazo JR, Sheldon TL, Carson RT (2017) Designing policy incentives for cleaner technologies: lessons from California’s plug-in electric vehicle rebate program. J Environ Econ Manag 84:18–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.01.002
Jenn A, Azevedo IL, Ferreira P (2013) The impact of federal incentives on the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States. Energy Econ 40:936–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.07.025
Krause RM, Carley SR, Lane BW, Graham JD (2013) Perception and reality: public knowledge of plug-in electric vehicles in 21 U.S. cities. Energy Policy 63:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.018
Jones LR, Cherry CR, Vu TA, Nguyen QN (2013) The effect of incentives and technology on the adoption of electric motorcycles: a stated choice experiment in Vietnam. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 57:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.09.003
Green EH, Skerlos SJ, Winebrake JJ (2014) Increasing electric vehicle policy efficiency and effectiveness by reducing mainstream market bias. Energy Policy 65:562–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.024
Asadi S, Nilashi M, Samad S et al (2021) Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474
de Shazo JR (2016) Improving incentives for clean vehicle purchases in the United States: challenges and opportunities. Rev Environ Econ Policy 10:149–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rev022
Figenbaum E (2017) Perspectives on Norway’s supercharged electric vehicle policy. Environ Innov Soc Transit 25:14–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2016.11.002
Langbroek JHM, Franklin JP, Susilo YO (2016) The effect of policy incentives on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy 94:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.050
Mersky AC, Sprei F, Samaras C, Qian ZS (2016) Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway. Transp Res D Transp Environ 46:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.011
Bakker S, Jacob Trip J (2013) Policy options to support the adoption of electric vehicles in the urban environment. Transp Res D Transp Environ 25:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.07.005
Adnan N, Nordin SM, Rahman I, Amini MH (2017) A market modeling review study on predicting Malaysian consumer behavior towards widespread adoption of PHEV/EV. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:17955–17975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9153-8
Alzahrani K, Hall-Phillips A, Zeng AZ (2019) Applying the theory of reasoned action to understanding consumers’ intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles in Saudi Arabia. Transportation (Amst) 46:199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9801-3
Luna TF, Uriona-Maldonado M, Silva ME, Vaz CR (2020) The influence of e-carsharing schemes on electric vehicle adoption and carbon emissions: an emerging economy study. Transp Res D Transp Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102226
Adnan N, Nordin SM, Rahman I, Rasli AM (2017) A new era of sustainable transport: an experimental examination on forecasting adoption behavior of EVs among Malaysian consumer. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 103:279–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.06.010
Hamurcu M, Eren T (2020) Electric bus selection with multicriteria decision analysis for green transportation. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072777
Jena R (2020) An empirical case study on Indian consumers’ sentiment towards electric vehicles: a big data analytics approach. Ind Mark Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.12.012
Adhikari M, Ghimire LP, Kim Y et al (2020) Identification and analysis of barriers against electric vehicle use. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12124850
Khurana A, Kumar VVR, Sidhpuria M (2020) A study on the adoption of electric vehicles in India: the mediating role of attitude. Vision 24:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919875548
Sang YN, Bekhet HA (2015) Exploring factors influencing electric vehicle usage intention: An empirical study in malaysia. Int J Bus Soc 16:57–74. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.554.2015
Sajjad A, Asmi F, Chu J, Anwar MA (2020) Environmental concerns and switching toward electric vehicles: geographic and institutional perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:39774–39785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08311-4
Chen CF, Xu X, Frey S (2016) Who wants solar water heaters and alternative fuel vehicles? Assessing social-psychological predictors of adoption intention and policy support in China. Energy Res Soc Sci 15:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.02.006
Kaplan S, Gruber J, Reinthaler M, Klauenberg J (2016) Intentions to introduce electric vehicles in the commercial sector: a model based on the theory of planned behaviour. Res Transp Econ 55:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.04.006
Noppers E, Keizer K, Milovanovic M (2016) The importance of instrumental, symbolic, and environmental attributes for the adoption of smart energy systems. Energy Policy
Rasouli S, Timmermans H (2016) Influence of social networks on latent choice of electric cars: a mixed logit specification using experimental design data. Netw Spat Econ 16:99–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-013-9194-6
Goel P, Sharma N, Mathiyazhagan K, Vimal KEK (2021) Government is trying but consumers are not buying: a barrier analysis for electric vehicle sales in India. Sustain Prod Consum 28:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.03.029
Huang X, Lin Y, Zhou F et al (2021) Agent-based modelling for market acceptance of electric vehicles: evidence from China. Sustain Prod Consum 28:206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.04.007
Rasti-Barzoki M, Moon I (2021) A game theoretic approach for analyzing electric and gasoline-based vehicles’ competition in a supply chain under government sustainable strategies: a case study of South Korea. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111139
Huang Y, Qian L (2021) Consumer adoption of electric vehicles in alternative business models. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112338
Thorne RJ, Hovi IB, Figenbaum E et al (2021) Facilitating adoption of electric buses through policy: learnings from a trial in Norway. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112310
Bas J, Cirillo C, Cherchi E (2021) Classification of potential electric vehicle purchasers: a machine learning approach. Technol Forecast Soc Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120759
Guo S, Kontou E (2021) Disparities and equity issues in electric vehicles rebate allocation. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112291
Krishna G (2021) Understanding and identifying barriers to electric vehicle adoption through thematic analysis. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100364
Plötz P, Gnann T, Wietschel M (2014) Modelling market diffusion of electric vehicles with real world driving data—Part I: model structure and validation. Ecol Econ 107:411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.09.021
Green Recovery Challenge Fund. https://www.ukpact.co.uk/green-recovery-challenge-fund. Accessed 27 Jun 2021
Innovation Challenge Fund. https://www.events.great.gov.uk/ehome/uk-india-partnership-karnataka/About/. Accessed 27 Jun 2021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix A
Appendix A
To begin the search process, we looked for all the documents having "electric vehicle" OR "electric bus" OR "electric taxi" OR "electric motorcycle" OR "electric mobility" OR "electric public transport" OR "electric transit" OR "EV" OR "BEV" OR "PHEV" in their titles, abstracts or keywords. This search returned a total of 44,921 documents, out of which 22,345 were journal articles, and the remaining were proceedings papers. For this study, we limited our analysis to journal articles only because of the critical reviews these papers go through before getting published. In the subsequent steps, we used the keywords described in Table
8 to narrow down our search to 5,269 articles. So as to be sure that we did not neglect any vital keyword that would later lead to bias in the data, we exported all these 22,345 documents in Comma-Separated Value (CSV) format to VOSviewer™ and analysed all the keywords indexed and specified by the authors. The titles and in some cases, the abstracts of the remaining 5,269 documents were then manually analysed to purge the unrelated topics. The remaining 1,875 articles focusing on transportation systems-related problems are considered for the purpose of this study.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bhat, F.A., Verma, A. A Bibliometric Analysis and Review of Adoption Behaviour of Electric Vehicles. Transp. in Dev. Econ. 9, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-022-00175-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-022-00175-2