Abstract
For a long time, physicians have been pursuing the challenges of limb loss, fixing dysfunctional body parts and cosmetic surgery using both natural and synthetic materials. Synthetic polymers, especially the saturated homopolymers, have been found to be suitable for such applications as they have high tensile strength, which can also be varied as desired, due to the presence of strong intermolecular forces. This allows easy fabrication of macroporous scaffolds from them, which have special surgical and suturing advantages earning them decades-long recognition in medical science. However, they have disadvantages, such as slow integration with the actively growing tissue due to their hydrophobic nature, and several surface modification techniques have been proposed to combat this limitation. Unfortunately, during some of these surface modification treatments, many of the above listed critical properties of these polymers get compromised, making the need for a highly suitable and convenient surface modification technique most sought after. This review will elucidate the background of bioimplants and describe various available materials. It will also discuss the pros and cons of most popularly used materials to fabricate 3D scaffolds and challenges to improve their surface characteristics. Different modification techniques to make the scaffold/implant surface cell friendly will be revised. Finally, this review will present the plasma treatment based layer-by-layer assembly of nanoparticle–small molecule conjugates on polymer scaffolds as an efficacious method to improve cell adhesion and proliferation. The organization of the review is as follows: (1) tabulation of biomaterials used for different purposes, organs, and systems, (2) categorization of polymers according to their physical and material properties, (3) advantages and disadvantages of the polymers being used as scaffold/biomaterial, (4) available surface modification techniques and their pros and cons, and (5) proposing the new plasma treatment-based layer-by-layer assembly nanoparticle–small molecule conjugate on polymer scaffolds as an efficacious method to improve cell adhesion and proliferation.
Lay Summary
Plastic/polymeric materials, for their excellent material properties and bioinactive nature, are being widely used in tissue engineering applications. Sometimes, these pose problems due to their slow integration with live tissues. Surface modification, keeping their strength and durability intact, would be a solution to this problem. Unfortunately, carrying out surface modification is cumbersome in some case while in case of others, the surface modifications are of transient nature. This review narrates the key reasons behind surface biofriendliness (of a material), techniques available for surface modification, and presents a simple layer-by-layer surface modification technique involving biocompatible ingredients (like gold nanoparticle, simple amino acid) as an alternative for better cell adhesion and proliferation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ECM :
-
extracellular matrix
- HDPE :
-
high-density polyethylene
- UHMWHDPE :
-
ultra high molecular weight high density polyethylene
- GAG :
-
glycosamino glycan
- RGD :
-
arginine, aspartin, glycine
- CAM :
-
cell attaching molecules
- IgG :
-
immunoglobulin G
- DNA :
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA :
-
ribonucleic acid
- PLLA :
-
poly L lactic acid
- LBL :
-
layer by layer
References
Bronzino JD. The biomedical engineering handbook. 2nd edition: Taylor and Francis; 2000.
Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science. 1993;260(5110):920–6.
Murphy SV, Atala A. Organ engineering—combining stem cells, biomaterials, and bioreactors to produce bioengineered organs for transplantation. Bioessays. 2013;35(3):163–72.
Körbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for tissue repair—a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):570–82.
Chai C, Leong KW. Biomaterials approach to expand and direct differentiation of stem cells. Mol Ther. 2007;15(3):467–80.
Bianco P, Robey PG. Stem cells in tissue engineering. Nature. 2001;414(6859):118–21.
Black J. The education of the biomaterialist: report of a survey. J Biomed Mater Res. 1982;16(2):159–67.
Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE. Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. 2nd edition: Academic Press; 2004.
Walker PMB. Larousse dictionary of science and technology. Larousse Press. 2006.
Williams DF. On the nature of biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2009;30:5897–909.
Manivasagam G, Dhinasekaran D, Rajamanickam A. Biomedical implants: corrosion and its prevention—a review. Recent Pat Corros Sci. 2010;2:40–54.
Repairing knee joints by growing new cartilage using an injectable hydrogel http://www.datlof.com/8axamal/docs/marketing/jhu/je/index.htm Accessed January 2018
Boyan BD, Hummert TW, Dean DD, Schwartz Z. Role of material surfaces in regulating bone and cartilage cell response. Biomaterials. 1996;17(2):137–46.
Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2010;123(24):4195–200.
Horwitz AR. The origins of the molecular era of adhesion research. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012;13(12):805–11.
Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:47–55.
Kendall K, Roberts AD. van der Waals forces influencing adhesion of cells. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2015;370:20140078.
Lehocký M, Drnovská H, Lapčíková B, Barros-Timmons AM, Trindade T, Zembala M, et al. Plasma surface modification of polyethylene. Colloids Surf A. 2003;1:125–31.
Prakasam M, Locs J, Salma-Ancane K, Loca D, Largeteau A, Cimdina LB. Biodegradable materials and metallic implants—a review. J Funct Biomater. 2017;8:44. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb8040044.
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_1.htm Accessed on April 10, 2017
Ha TLB, Quan TM, Vu DN, Si DM. Naturally derived biomaterials: preparation and application. In: Andrades JA, editor. Chapter 11. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: InTech; 2013.
Glowacki J, Mizuno S. Collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biopolymers. 2008;89(5):338–44.
Sun K, Li H, Li R, Nian Z, Li D, Xu C. Silk fibroin/collagen and silk fibroin/chitosan blended three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Eur J Orthop SurgTraumatol. 2015;25:243–9.
Quirk RA, France RM, Shakesheff KM, Howdle SM. Supercritical fluid technologies and tissue engineering scaffolds. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2004;8:313–821.
Provides design, development, manufacture and distribution of sterile craniomaxillofacial polyethylene implants for reconstructive surgery. http://www.poriferous.com. Accessed March 2018
Orthopaedics driven to be your ortho service line leader https://www.stryker.com/us/en/portfolios/orthopaedics.html Accessed on January 2018
Biopore lightweight material. http://www.biopore.in/ Accessed on January 2018
A new class of implant material with bone-like architecture http://www.anatomics.com/applications/cranio-maxillo-facial/facial-implants/Accessed January 2018
Farhat S, Gilliam M, Rabago-Smith M, Baran C, Walter N, Zand A. Polymer coatings for biomedical applications using atmospheric pressure plasma. Surf Coat Technol. 2014;241:123–9.
James SP, Oldinski R (Kurkowski), Zhang M, Schwartz H. UHMWPE biomaterials handbook. Elsevier. 2009
Tsuchii A, Suzuki T, Fukuoka S. Microbial degradation of polyethylene oligomers. Rep Ferment Res Inst. 1980;55:35–40.
Choee JH, Lee SJ, Lee YM, Rhee JM, Lee HB, Khang G. Proliferation rate of fibroblast cells on polyethylene surfaces with wettability gradient. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;92(1):599–606.
Ridwan-Pramana A, et al. Porous polyethylene implants in facial reconstruction: outcome and complications. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43(8):1330–4.
De Geyter N, Morent R, Leys C. Surface characterization of plasma-modified polyethylene by contact angle experiments and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy surfaces. Surf Interface Anal. 2008;40:608–11.
Yamaguchi M, Shinbo T, Kanamori T, Wang P, Niwa M, Kawakami H, et al. Surface modification of poly (L-lactic acid) affects initial cell attachment, cell morphology, and cell growth. J Artif Organ. 2004;7:187–93.
Alexander C. Theme issue biomedical materials. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:3963.
Richey T, Iwata H, Oowaki H, Uchida E, Matsuda S. IkadaY. Surface modification of polyethylene balloon catheters for local drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2000;21(10):1057–65.
Gatenholm P, Ashida T, Hoffman AS. Hybrid biomaterials prepared by ozone-induced polymerization. I. Ozonation of microporous polypropylene. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Part A. 1997;35(8):1461–7.
Liu JH, Jen HL, Chung YC. Surface modification of polyethylene membranes using phosphorylcholine derivatives and their platelet compatibility. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999;74(12):2947–54.
Lei J, Gao J, Zhou R, Zhang B, Wang J. Photografting of acrylic acid on high density polyethylene powder in vapour phase. Polym Int. 2000;49:1492–5.
Nakaoka R, Tsuchiya T, Kato K, Ikada Y, Nakamura A. Studies on tumorpromoting activity of polyethylene: Inhibitory activity of metabolic cooperation on polyethylene surfaces is markedly decreased by surface modification with collagen but not with RGDS peptide. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;35:391–7.
Lavanant L, Pullin B, Hubbell JA, Klok HA. A facile strategy for the modification of polyethylene substrates with non-fouling, bioactive poly (poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brushes. Macromol Biosci. 2010;10:101–8.
Kidane A, Lantz GC, Jo S, Park K. Surface modification with PEO-containing triblock copolymer for improved biocompatibility: in vitro and ex vivo studies. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 1999;10:1089–105.
Yang Q, Xu ZK, Dai ZW, Wang JL, Ulbricht M. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membranes with a novel glycopolymer. Chem Mater. 2005;17:3050–8.
Tao G, Gong A, Lu J, Sue HJ, Bergbreiter DE. Surface functionalized polypropylene: synthesis, characterization, and adhesion properties. Macromolecules. 2001;34:7672–9.
Rasmussen JR, Stedronsky ER, Whitesides GM. Introduction, modification, and characterization of functional—groups on surface of low-density polyethylene film. J Am Chem Soc. 1977;99:4736–45.
Chanunpanich N, Ulman A, Strzhemechny YM, Schwarz SA, Janke A, Braun HG, et al. Surface modification of polyethylene through bromination. Langmuir. 1999;15:2089–94.
Wang P, Tan KL, Kang ET, Neoh KG. Surface functionalization of low-density polyethylene films with grafted poly (ethylene glycol) derivatives. J Mater Chem. 2001;11(12):2951–7.
Goddard JM, Talbert JN, Hotchkiss JH. Covalent attachment of lactase to low density polyethylene films. J Food Sci. 2007;72:E036–41.
Mamoor GM, Qamar N, Farooq M. Free radical graft modification of polyethylene with methacrylic acid and styrene monomer. Chem Eng Res Bull. 2011;15:34–8.
Rubira AF, Da Costa AC, Galembeck F, Escobar NFL, Da Silva EC, Vargas H. Polyethylene and polypropylene surface modification by impregnation with manganese (IV) oxide. Colloids Surf. 1985;15:63–73.
Hoshi T, Sawaguchi T, Matsuno R, Konno T, Takai M. Ishihara K Control of surface modification uniformity inside small-diameter polyethylene/poly (vinyl acetate) composite tubing prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide. J Mater Chem. 2010;20(23):4897–904.
Yao ZP, RÅNby B. Surface modification by continuous graft copolymerization. I. Photoinitiated graft copolymerization onto polyethylene tape film surface. J Appl Polym Sci. 1990;40(9–10):1647–61.
Fávaro SL, Rubira AF, Muniz EC, Radovanovic E. Surface modification of HDPE, PP, and PET films with KMnO4/HCl solutions. Polym Degrad Stab. 2007;9:1219–26.
Qu X, Wirsén A, Olander B, Albertsson AC. Surface modification of high density polyethylene tubes by coating chitosan, chitosan hydrogel and heparin. Polym Bull. 2001;46(2–3):223–9.
Gorbachev AA, Tretinnikov ON, Shkrabatovskaya LV, Prikhodchenko LK. Photoinduced graft-polymerization of acrylic acid on polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces: comparative study using IR-ATR spectroscopy. J Appl Spectrosc. 2014;81:754–7.
Moro T, Takatori Y, Ishihara K, Konno T, Takigawa Y, Matsushita T, et al. Surface grafting of artificial joints with a biocompatible polymer for preventing periprosthetic osteolysis. Nat Mater. 2004;3:829–36.
Zand A, Walter N, Bahu M, Ketterer S, Sanders M, Sikorski Y, et al. Preparation of hydroxylated polyethylene surfaces. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19:467–77.
Yamada K, Takeda S, Hirata M. Improvement of autohesive and adhesive properties of polyethylene plates by photografting with glycidyl methacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007;103:493–500.
Zhang J, Kato K, Uyama Y, Ikada Y. Surface graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto polyethylene and the adhesion with epoxy resin. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 1995;33:2629–38.
Lei J, Gao J, Jiang L. Structure and adhesion properties of linear low-density polyethylene powders grafted with acrylic acid via ultraviolet light. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006;100:2549–53.
El Kholdi O, Lecamp L, Lebaudy P, Bunel C, Alexandre S. Modification of adhesive properties of a polyethylene film by photografting. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;92:2803–11.
Wang H, Brown HR. Lamination of high-density polyethylene by bulk photografting and the mechanism of adhesion. J Appl Polym Sci. 2005;97:1097–106.
Amornsakchai T, Kubota H. Photoinitiated grafting of methyl methacrylate on highly oriented polyethylene: effect of draw ratio on grafting. J Appl Polym Sci. 1998;70:465–70.
Deng JP, Yang WT, Rånby B. Surface photograft polymerization of vinyl acetate on low density polyethylene film: effects of solvent. Polym J. 2000;32:834–7.
Irwan GS, Kuroda SI, Kubota H, Kondo T. Photografting of N-isopropylacrylamide on polyethylene film in mixed solvents composed of water and organic solvent. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;87:458–63.
Irwan GS, Kuroda SI, Kubota H, Kondo T. Photografting of methacrylic acid on polyethylene film: effect of mixed solvents consisting of water and organic solvent. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002;83:2454–61.
Wang H, Brown HR. UV grafting of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid on high-density polyethylene in different solvents and the wettability of grafted high-density polyethylene. II. Wettability. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2004;42:263–70.
Wang H, Brown HR. Ultraviolet grafting of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid on high-density polyethylene in different solvents and the wettability of grafted high-density polyethylene. I. Grafting. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2004;42:253–62.
Chen Y, Liu P. Surface modification of polyethylene by plasma pretreatment and UV-induced graft polymerization for improvement of antithrombogenicity. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;93:2014–8.
Yang P, Deng J, Yang W. Surface photografting polymerization of methyl methacrylate in N,N-dimethylformamide on low density polyethylene film. Macromol Chem Phys. 2004;205:1096–102.
Tada H, Ito S. Conformational change restricted selectivity in the surface sulfonation of polypropylene with sulfuric acid. Langmuir. 1997;13:3982–9.
Cross EM, McCarthy TJ. Radical chlorination of polyethylene film: control of surface selectivity. Macromolecules. 1992;25(10):2603–7.
Bergbreiter DE, Hu HP, Hein MD. Control of surface functionalization of polyethylene powders prepared by coprecipitation of functionalized ethylene oligomers and polyethylene. Macromolecules. 1989;22(2):654–62.
Bergbreiter DE, Srinivas B, Gray HN. Surface graft polymerization on polyethylene using macroinitiators. Macromolecules. 1993;26(12):3245–6.
Stoleru E, Munteanu SB, Dumitriu RP, Coroaba A, Drobotă M, Zemljic LF, et al. Polyethylene materials with multifunctional surface properties by electrospraying chitosan/vitamin E formulation destined to biomedical and food packaging applications. Iran Polym J. 2016;25(4):295–307.
Zheng Y, Miao J, Zhang F, Cai C, Koh A, Simmons TJ, et al. Surface modification of a polyethylene film for anticoagulant and anti-microbial catheter. React Funct Polym. 2016;100:142–50.
Dhamodharan R, Nisha A, Pushkala K, McCarthy TJ. Investigation of the mercat reaction as a tool for the introduction of nitrogen surface functionality on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Langmuir. 2001;17:3368–74.
Bergbreiter DE, Franchina JG, Kabza K. Hyperbranched grafting on oxidized polyethylene surfaces. Macromolecules. 1999;32:4993–8.
Foltynowicz Z, Yamaguchi K, Czajka B, Regen SL. Modification of low-density polyethylene film using polymerizable surfactants. Macromolecules. 1985;18:1394–401.
Chanunpanich N, Ulman A, Malagon A, Strzhemechny YM, Schwarz SA, Janke A, et al. Surface modification of polyethylene films via bromination: Reactions of brominated polyethylene with aromatic thiolate compounds. Langmuir. 2000;16:3557–60.
Kim MS, Seo KS, Khang G, Lee HB. Preparation of a gradient biotinylated polyethylene surface to bind streptavidin-FITC. Bioconjug Chem. 2005;16:245–9.
Kim MS, Seo KS, Khang G, Lee HB. First preparation of biotinylated gradient polyethylene surface to bind photoactive caged streptavidin. Langmuir. 2005;21:4066–70.
Kiss E, Samu J, Toth A, Bertoti I. Novel ways of covalent attachment of poly (ethylene oxide) onto polyethylene: surface modification and characterization by XPS and contact angle measurements. Langmuir. 1996;12:1651–7.
Kavc T, Kern W, Ebel MF, Svagera R, Pölt P. Surface modification of polyethylene by photochemical introduction of sulfonic acid groups. Chem Mater. 2000;12(4):1053–9.
Fischer D, Eysel HH. Analysis of polyethylene surface sulfonation. J Appl Polym Sci. 1994;52:545–8.
Idage SB, Badrinarayanan S, Vernekar SP, Sivaram S. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sulfonated polyethylene. Langmuir. 1996;12:1018–22.
Pandiyaraj KN, Ferraria AM, do Rego AMB, Deshmukh RR, Su PG, Halleluyah JM, et al. Low-pressure plasma enhanced immobilization of chitosan on low-density polyethylene for bio-medical applications. Appl Surf Sci. 2015;328:1–12.
Theapsak S, Watthanaphanit A, Rujiravanit R. Preparation of chitosan-coated polyethylene packaging films by DBD plasma treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:2474–82.
Bergbreiter DE, Kabza K. Annealing and reorganization of sulfonated polyethylene films to produce surface-modified films of varying hydrophilicity. J Am Chem Soc. 1991;113:1447–8.
Greene G, Yao G, Tannenbaum R. Wetting characteristics of plasma-modified porous polyethylene. Langmuir. 2003;19:5869–74.
Bretagnol F, Tatoulian M, Arefi-Khonsari F, Lorang G, Amouroux J. Surface modification of polyethylene powder by nitrogen and ammonia low pressure plasma in a fluidized bed reactor. React Funct Polym. 2004;61(2):221–32.
Santos LP, Bernardes JS, Galembeck F. Corona-treated polyethylene films are macroscopic charge bilayers. Langmuir. 2013;29:892–901.
Wang T, Kang ET, Neoh KG, Tan KL, Liaw DJ. Surface modification of low-density polyethylene films by UV-induced graft copolymerization and its relevance to photolamination. Langmuir. 1998;14:921–7.
Tahara M, Cuong NK, Nakashima Y. Improvement in adhesion of polyethylene by glow-discharge plasma. Surf Coat Technol. 2003;174:826–30.
Tajima S, Komvopoulos K. Surface modification of low-density polyethylene by inductively coupled argon plasma. J Phys Chem B. 2005;109:17623–9.
Milani R, Gleria M, Sassi A, De Jaeger R, Mazzah A, Gengembre L, et al. Surface functionalization with phosphazenes. Part 3: surface modification of plasma-treated polyethylene with fluorinated alcohols using chlorinated phosphazenes as coupling agents. Chem Mater. 2007;19:4975–81.
Bismarck A, Brostow W, Chiu R, Hagg Lobland HE, Ho KK. Effects of surface plasma treatment on tribology of thermoplastic polymers. Polym Eng Sci. 2008;48:1971–6.
Drnovská H, LapčíkJr L, Buršíková V, Zemek J, Barros-Timmons AM. Surface properties of polyethylene after low-temperature plasma treatment. Colloid Polym Sci. 2003;281:1025–33.
Jung SH, Park SH, Lee DH, Kim SD. Surface modification of HDPE powders by oxygen plasma in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Polym Bull. 2001;47:199–205.
Šimor M, Ráhel’ J, Vojtek P, Brablec MAC. Atmospheric-pressure diffuse coplanar surface discharge for surface treatments. Appl Phys Lett. 2002;81:2716–8.
Médard N, Soutif JC, Poncin-Epaillard F. CO2, H2O, and CO2/H2O plasma chemistry for polyethylene surface modification. Langmuir. 2002;18:2246–53.
Kong JS, Lee DJ, Kim HD. Surface modification of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film and improvement of adhesion between evaporated copper metal film and LDPE. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001;82:1677–90.
Yamamoto K, Miwa Y, Tanaka H, Sakaguchi M, Shimada S. Living radical graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate to polyethylene film with typical and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2002;40(20):3350–9.
Matyjaszewski K, Teodorescu M, Miller PJ, Peterson ML. Graft copolymers of polyethylene by atom transfer radical polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science, Part A. Polym Chem. 2000;38(13):2440–8.
Tendero C, Tixier C, Tristant P, Desmaison J, Leprince P. Atmospheric pressure plasmas: a review. Spectrochim Acta B. 2006;61(1):2–30.
Wilbur JL, Whitesides GM. Self-assembly and self-assembled monolayers in micro- and nanofabrication. Springer-Verlag AIP Press: New York, 1999.Chapter 8 331–369.
Chang CH, Liao JD, Chen JJ, Ju MS, Lin CCK. Cell adhesion and related phenomena on the surface-modified Au-deposited nerve microelectrode examined by total impedance measurement and cell detachment tests. Nanotechnology. 2006;17:2449–57.
Briggs D, Brewis DM, Dahm RH, Fletcher IW. Analysis of the surface chemistry of oxidized polyethylene: comparison of XPS and ToF-SIMS. Surf Interface Anal. 2003;35:156–7.
Xing CM, Deng JP, Yang WT. Synthesis of antibacterial polypropylene film with surface immobilized polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex. J Appl Polym Sci. 2005;97:2026–31.
Zand A, Walter N, Bahu M, Ketterer S, Sanders M, Sikorski Y. Preparation of hydroxylated polyethylene surfaces. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2018;19:467–77.
Mutimer J, Devane PA, Adams K, Horne JG. Highly crosslinked polyethylene reduces wear in total hip arthroplasty at 5 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3228–33.
Kong JS. Surface modification of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film and improvement of adhesion between evaporated copper metal film and LDPE. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001;82:1677–90.
Aouiniti M, Bertrand P. Characterization of polypropylene surface treated in a CO2 plasma. Plasmas Polym. 2003;8:225–36.
Terlingen JGA, Gerritsen HFC, Hoffman AS, Feijen J. Introduction of functional groups on polyethylene surfaces by a carbon dioxide plasma treatment. Appl Polym Sci. 1995;57:969–82.
Medard N. Characterization of CO2 plasma-treated polyethylene surface bearing carboxylic groups. Surf Coat Technol. 2002;160:197–205.
Gugala Z, Gogolewski S. Attachment, growth and activity of rat osteoblasts on polylactide membranes treated with various low-temperature radiofrequency plasmas. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;76:288–99.
Chen F, Liu J, Cui Y, Huang S, Song J, Sun J, et al. Stability of plasma treated superhydrophobic surfaces under different ambient conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;470:221–8.
Williams RL, Wilson DJ, Rhodes NP. Attachment, growth, and activity of rat osteoblasts on polylactide membranes treated with various low-temperature radiofrequency plasmas. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004;76(2):288–99.
Kasálková NS, Slepička P, Kolská Z, Sajdl P, Bačáková L, Rimpelová S, et al. Cell adhesion and proliferation on polyethylene grafted with Au nanoparticles. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res. 2012;272:391–5.
De Rancourt Y, Couturaud B, Mas A, Robin JJ. Synthesis of antibacterial surfaces by plasma grafting of zinc oxide based nanocomposites onto polypropylene. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013;402:320–6.
D'Britto V, Tiwari S, Purohit V, Wadgaonkar PP, Bhoraskar SV, Bhonde RR, et al. Composites of plasma treated poly (etherimide) films with gold nanoparticles and lysine through layer by layer assembly: a “friendly-rough” surface for cell adhesion and proliferation for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem. 2009;19(4):544–50.
D'Britto V, Kapse H, Babrekar H, Prabhune AA, Bhoraskar SV, Premnath V, et al. Silver nanoparticle studded porous polyethylene scaffolds: bacteria struggle to grow on them while mammalian cells thrive. Nanoscale. 2011;3(7):2957–63.
Hu Y, Winn SR, Krajbich I, Hollinger JO. Porous polymer scaffolds surface-modified with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid enhance bone cell attachment and differentiation in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;64(3):583–90.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Dr. Vinay Agrawal, Biopore Suricals, Mumbai for helping us with 3-dimensional porous polyethylene scaffolds. The authors also thank Dr. V. Premnath, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory for valuable discussions during the review writing.
Funding
PS thanks DST-WOSA grant (grant number SR/WOS-A/CS-94/2012) for fellowship and financial support. BLVP thanks CSIR, New Delhi for the financial support through the M2D (CSC0134) project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sengupta, P., Prasad, B.L.V. Surface Modification of Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 4, 75–91 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-018-0050-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-018-0050-6