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Effects of Physicochemical Properties of Different Base Oils on Friction Coefficient and Surface Roughness in MQL Milling AISI 1045

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Abstract

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is an emerging green and resource-saving machining technique jetting minute amount lubricants and gas after mixing and atomization. However, MQL development is restricted to mineral oils because of its undegradability and threat to the environment and human health. Vegetable oils can replace mineral oils as base oil for MQL benefitting from its biodegradability and renewable property. Nevertheless, the lubrication mechanism at the tool-workpiece interface of different vegetable oils with various physicochemical properties has not been revealed systematically. In order to verify the interfacial lubrication characteristics of different vegetable oils, MQL milling experiments of AISI 1045 based on five vegetable oils (cottonseed, palm, castor, soybean, and peanut oils) were carried out. The experimental results showed that, palm oil obtained the lowest milling force (Fx = 312 N, Fy = 156 N), friction coefficient (0.78), and surface roughness values (Ra = 0.431 μm, RSm = 0.252 mm) and the smoothest surface of workpiece. Furthermore, the physiochemical properties (composition, molecular structure, viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle) of vegetable oil were analyzed. Palm oil with high content of saturated fatty acid, high viscosity and small contact angle can form the lubricating oil film with the highest strength and the largest spreading area at the tool-workpiece interface. Therefore, palm oil can achieve the optimal lubrication effect.

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Abbreviations

MQL:

Minimum quantity lubrication

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

W s :

Rotation rate (r/min)

V f :

Feed rate (mm/min)

V:

Cutting speed

a p :

Axial depth of cut (mm)

a e :

Radial depth of cut (mm)

α :

Angle of the nozzle and the tool feeding direction

β :

Angle of nozzle and horizontal direction

γ :

Cut in angle

t :

Processing time

F x, F y, F z :

Cutting force component in the X, Y, and Z directions (N)

F t, F r :

Tangential and radial cutting force components (N)

F :

Resultant cutting force (N)

\(\overline{{F_{\max } }}\) :

Mean of milling force peak (N)

R a :

Arithmetic average height (μm)

RS m :

Mean spacing at mean line (mm)

R mr :

Bearing length ratio

μ :

Friction coefficient

μ n :

Viscosity of the nanofluid

μ bf :

Viscosity of the base fluid

φ :

Noparticle volume fraction

γ sv :

Surface tension at the solid–gas interface

γ s1 :

Surface tension at the solid–liquid interface

γ v1 :

Surface tension at the gas–liquid interface

\(\theta\) :

Contact angle

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Acknowledgement

This research was financially supported by the following organizations: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51975305, 51806112 and 51905289), the Major Research Project of Shandong Province (2019GGX104040 and 2019GSF108236), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (ZR2019PEE008), Major Science and technology innovation engineering projects of Shandong Province (2019JZZY020111), Applied basic research Youth Project of Qingdao science and technology plan (19-6-2-63-cg), the Scientific Research Development Project of Shandong Higher Education Institutions, China (J17KB016).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China

    Qingan Yin, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang & Min Yang

  2. Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China

    Qingan Yin & Zhanqiang Liu

  3. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, 266555, China

    Lan Dong & Xiufang Bai

  4. School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, China

    Dongzhou Jia

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089–1111, USA

    Runze Li

  6. Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China

    Zhanqiang Liu

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  1. Qingan Yin
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Yin, Q., Li, C., Dong, L. et al. Effects of Physicochemical Properties of Different Base Oils on Friction Coefficient and Surface Roughness in MQL Milling AISI 1045. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 8, 1629–1647 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00318-7

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