Data availability
Data sets generated during and/or analyzed during the present study available from the corresponding author upon request.
References
Gallo D, Mortara L, Gariboldi MB, Cattaneo SAM, Rosetti S, Gentile L, Noonan DM, Premoli P, Cusini C, Tanda ML, Bartalena L, Piantanida E (2020) Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of thyroid autoimmunity: a narrative review. J Endocrinol Invest 43:413–429
Charoenngam N, Holick MF (2020) Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients 12:2097
Hahn J, Cook NR, Alexander EK, Friedman S, Walter J, Bubes V, Kotler G, Lee IM, Manson JE, Costenbader KH (2022) Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial. BMJ 376:e066452
Khamisi S, Lundqvist M, Rasmusson AJ, Engström BE, Karlsson FA, Ljunggren Ö (2023) Vitamin D and bone metabolism in Graves’ disease: a prospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 46:425–433
Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, Dayan CM, Eckstein A, Marcocci C, Marino M, Vaidya B, Wiersinga WM (2021) The 2021 European group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of graves’ orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol 185:G43–G67
Lanzolla G, Puccinelli L, Giudetti M, Comi S, Menconi F, Maglionico MN, Posarelli C, Figus M, Marcocci C, Marinò M (2023) Anti-nuclear autoantibodies in Graves' disease and Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 46:337–344
Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Gallo D, Lai A, Tanda ML (2020) Epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and prevention of Graves’ orbitopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:615993
Nicolì F, Lanzolla G, Mantuano M, Ionni I, Mazzi B, Leo M, Sframeli A, Posarelli C, Maglionico MN, Figus M, Nardi M, Marcocci C, Marinò M (2021) Correlation between serum anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs) and the clinical feature of Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 44:581–585
Lanzolla G, Menconi F, Nicolì F, Posarelli C, Maglionico MN, Figus M, Nardi M, Marcocci C, Marinò M (2021) Beneficial effect of low-dose radioiodine ablation for Graves’ orbitopathy: results of a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 44:2575–2579
Planck T, Shahida B, Malm J, Manjer J (2018) Vitamin D in Graves’ disease: levels, correlation with laboratory and clinical parameters, and genetics. Eur Thyroid J 7:27–33
Gallo D, Mortara L, Veronesi G, Cattaneo SA, Genoni A, Gallazzi M, Peruzzo C, Lasalvia P, Moretto P, Bruno A, Passi A, Pini A, Nauti A, Lavizzari MA, Marinò M, Lanzolla G, Tanda ML, Bartalena L, Piantanida E (2022) Add-on effect of selenium and vitamin D combined supplementation in early control of Graves’ disease hyperthyroidism during methimazole treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:886451
Appunni S, Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, Tonse R, Veledar E, McGranaghan P (2021) Association between vitamin D deficiency and hypothyroidism: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007–2012. BMC Endocr Disord 21:224
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by funds from the University of Pisa to M.M. (Fondi di Ateneo 2019, 2020 and 2021 and Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo 2018-2019, no. 539901).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Michele Marinò is a member of the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Editorial Board.
Ethical approval
This study was performed according to Institutional guidelines. Approval was not required. All procedure performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Trust and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from the individual participant included in this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lanzolla, G., Di Matteo, L., Comi, S. et al. Absence of a relationship between vitamin D and Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 46, 1717–1721 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02017-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02017-3