Abstract
This study analyzes a critical literacy activity that had 33 non-English-major college freshmen in Taiwan consider who they are. Students were exposed to four self-discovery texts (i.e., texts that can motivate students to reflect on the various roles they play in society) as well as to follow-up assignments and classroom discussions. Grounded theory was used as the analytical method to interpret various qualitative data such as students’ assignments, three open-ended questions, and students’ reflection papers. Three themes emerged from this research: encountering unexpected issues and assignments, examining oneself from multiple perspectives, and becoming critically literate. This study found that self-discovery texts were effective in enhancing students’ self-awareness and in facilitating critical dialogue. Practicing critical literacy sensitized students to their learning while helping them to develop their English ability. In conclusion, the activity not only stimulated students to read the word and the world but also made them conscious of their learning from a critical perspective.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ashcraft, C. (2012). But how do we talk about it?: Critical literacy practices for addressing sexuality with youth. Curriculum Inquiry, 42(5), 597–628.
Ballenger, C. (1997). Social identities, moral narratives, scientific argumentation: Science talk in a bilingual classroom. Language and Education, 11(1), 1–14.
Bartlett, L. (2005). Dialogue, knowledge, and teacher-student relations: Freirean pedagogy in theory and practice. Comparative Education Review, 49(3), 344–364.
Canagarajah, S. (2004). Subversive identities, pedagogical safe houses, and critical learning. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds.), Critical pedagogies and language learning (pp. 116–137). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
Dutro, E. (2009). Children writing “Hard Times”: Lived experiences of poverty and the class-privileged assumptions of a mandated curriculum. Language Arts, 87(2), 89–107.
Fairclough, N. (Ed.). (1992). Critical language awareness. London: Longman.
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (trans: Ramos, M. B. 30th anniversary edition). New York: Continuum.
Freire, P., & Macedo, D. (1987). Literacy: Reading the word and the world. South Hadley: Bergin & Garvey.
Gorzelsky, G. (2002). Ghosts: Liberal education and negotiated authority. College English, 64(3), 302–325.
Harrison, C. (2004). Postmodern principles for responsive reading assessment. Journal of Research in Reading, 27(2), 163–173.
Heffernan, L. (2008). Overview: Why do we need an instructional theory of critical literacy? In M. Lewison, C. H. Leland, & J. C. Harste (Eds.), Creating critical classrooms: K-8 reading and writing with an edge. New York: Erlbaum.
Heffernan, L., & Lewison, M. (2005). What’s lunch got to do with?: Critical literacy and the discourse of the lunchroom. Language Arts, 83(2), 107–117.
Huang, S. (2009). EFL reading through a critical literacy perspective. English Teaching & Learning, 33(3), 51–93.
Huang, S. (2012). The integration of ‘critical’ and ‘literacy’ education in the EFL curriculum: Expanding the possibilities of critical writing practices. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 25(3), 283–298.
Janks, H. (2000). Domination, access, diversity and design: A synthesis for critical literacy education. Education Review, 52(2), 175–186.
Jones, S., & Clarke, L. W. (2007). Disconnections: Pushing readers beyond connections and toward the critical. Pedagogies, 2(2), 95–115.
Kempe, A. (2001). No single meaning: Empowering students to construct socially critical readings of the text. In H. Fehring & P. Green (Eds.), Critical literacy: A collection of articles from the Australian Literacy Educators’ Association (pp. 40–57). Newark: International Reading Association.
Kim, M. (2004). Literature discussion in adult L2 learning. Language and Education, 18(2), 145–166.
Ko, M., & Wang, T.-F. (2012). EFL learners’ critical literacy practices: A case study of four college students in Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific Educatioin Researcher. doi:10.1007/s40229-012-0013-5.
Leland, C. H., Harste, J. C., & Huber, K. R. (2005). Out of the box: Critical literacy in a first-grade classroom. Language Arts, 82(4), 257–268.
Lewison, M., Flint, A. S., & Van Sluys, K. (2002). Taking on critical literacy: The journey of newcomers and novices. Language Arts, 79(5), 382–392.
Luke, A. (2005). Evidence-based literacy policy: A critical alternative. In N. Bascia (Ed.), International handbook of educational policy (pp. 34–61). London: Springer.
Luke, A. (2012). Critical literacy: Foundational notes. Theory into Practice, 51, 4–11.
Luke, A., & Freebody, P. (1999). Further notes on the four resources model. Reading Online, Retrieved December 18, 2012, from http://www.readingonline.org/research/lukefreebody.html.
McLaughlin, M., & DeVoogd, G. L. (2004a). Critical literacy as comprehension: Expanding reader response. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 48(1), 52–62.
McLaughlin, M., & DeVoogd, G. L. (2004b). Critical literacy: Enhancing students’ comprehension of text. New York: Scholastic.
Merriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Molden, K. (2007). Critical literacy, the right answer for the reading classroom: Strategies to move beyond comprehension for reading improvement. Reading Improvement, 44(1), 50–56.
Morrell, E. (2008). Critical literacy and urban youth: Pedagogies of access, dissent, and liberation. New York: Routledge.
Morrow, R. A., & Torres, C. A. (2002). Reading Freire and Habermas: Critical pedagogy and transformative social change. New York: Teachers College Press.
Pennycook, A. (2004). Critical moments in TESOL praxicum. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds.), Critical pedagogies and language learning (pp. 327–345). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1996). Reflective teaching in second language classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stevens, L. P., & Bean, T. W. (2007). Critical literacy: Context, research, and practice in the K-12 classroom. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Valdez, P. N. (2012). Actualizing critical English language teaching: A classroom experience in the Philippines. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21(2), 279–285.
Acknowledgments
The research of this study would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the associate editor who provided many insightful comments. He is also indebted to the support provided by the National Science Council of Taiwan under the research Grant NSC 100-2410-H-029-038.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
See Fig. 1.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuo, Jm. Implementing Critical Literacy for University Freshmen in Taiwan through Self-Discovery Texts. Asia-Pacific Edu Res 22, 549–557 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0057-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0057-1