Abstract
Lichen planopilaris is a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia that commonly presents with hair loss at the vertex or parietal scalp. Patients may also have associated scalp itching, burning or tenderness. Due to scarring, hair loss is typically permanent. The main goals of treatment are reducing symptoms and preventing disease progression and further hair loss. Currently, the literature has limited evidence on treatments for this difficult condition, and most available evidence is from case reports and case series. Furthermore, the evidence shows a varied response to therapy, with frequent reports of poor response. This article reviews the diagnosis of this rare disease, summarize the currently available treatments, and provide insights and practices from alopecia experts.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Babahosseini H, Tavakolpour S, Mahmoudi H, Balighi K, Teimourpour A, Ghodsi SZ, et al. Lichen planopilaris: retrospective study on the characteristics and treatment of 291 patients. J Dermatol Treat. 2019;30(6):598–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2018.1542480.
Kang H, Alzolibani AA, Otberg N, Shapiro J. Lichen planopilaris. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21(4):249–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00206.x.
Assouly P, Reygagne P. Lichen planopilaris: update on diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009;28(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2008.12.006.
Errichetti E, Figini M, Croatto M, Stinco G. Therapeutic management of classic lichen planopilaris: a systematic review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:91–102. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S137870.
Trager MH, Lavian J, Lee EY, Gary D, Jenkins F, Christiano AM, et al. Prevalence estimates for lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia in a New York city health care system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(4):1166–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.081.
Ochoa BE, King LE Jr, Price VH. Lichen planopilaris: Annual incidence in four hair referral centers in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(2):352–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.007.
Lepe K, Nassereddin A, Salazar FJ. Lichen Planopilaris. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Aldoori N, Dobson K, Holden CR, McDonagh AJ, Harries M, Messenger AG. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: possible association with leave-on facial skin care products and sunscreens; a questionnaire study. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):762–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14535.
Lee JA, Levy DA, Patel KG, Brennan E, Oyer SL. Hair transplantation in frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(1):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28551.
Chiang YZ, Tosti A, Chaudhry IH, Lyne L, Farjo B, Farjo N, et al. Lichen planopilaris following hair transplantation and face-lift surgery. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(3):666–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10692.x.
Monselise A, Chan LJ, Shapiro J. Break dancing: a new risk factor for scarring hair loss. J Cutan Med Surg. 2011;15(3):177–9. https://doi.org/10.2310/7750.2011.10032.
Bolduc C, Sperling LC, Shapiro J. Primary cicatricial alopecia: lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias, including chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and Graham-Little syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(6):1081–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.058.
Cevasco NC, Bergfeld WF, Remzi BK, de Knott HR. A case-series of 29 patients with lichen planopilaris: the Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience on evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.01.011.
Manatis-Lornell A, Okhovat JP, Marks DH, Hagigeorges D, Senna MM. Comorbidities in patients with lichen planopilaris: a retrospective case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):205–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.018.
Larkin SC, Cantwell HM, Imhof RL, Torgerson RR, Tolkachjov SN. Lichen planopilaris in women: a retrospective review of 232 women seen at mayo clinic from 1992 to 2016. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1684–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.028.
Soares VC, Mulinari-Brenner F, Souza TE. Lichen planopilaris epidemiology: a retrospective study of 80 cases. An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90(5):666–70. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153923.
Chiang C, Sah D, Cho BK, Ochoa BE, Price VH. Hydroxychloroquine and lichen planopilaris: efficacy and introduction of Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index scoring system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):387–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.054.
Crisóstomo MR, Crisóstomo MC, Crisóstomo MG, Gondim VJ, Crisóstomo MR, Benevides AN. Hair loss due to lichen planopilaris after hair transplantation: a report of two cases and a literature review. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(2):359–62. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962011000200024.
Morais KL, Martins CF, Anzai A, Valente NYS, Romiti R. Lichen planopilaris with pustules: a diagnostic challenge. Skin Appendage Disord. 2018;4(2):61–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478268.
Donovan J. Lichen planopilaris after hair transplantation: report of 17 cases. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(12):1998–2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12014.
Baquerizo Nole KL, Nusbaum B, Pinto GM, Miteva M. Lichen planopilaris in the androgenetic alopecia area: a pitfall for hair transplantation. Skin Appendage Disord. 2015;1(1):49–53. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381588.
Lajevardi V, Mahmoudi H, Moghanlou S, Ansari M, Teimourpour A, Daneshpazhooh M. Assessing the correlation between trichoscopic features in lichen planopilaris and lichen planopilaris activity index. Australas J Dermatol. 2019;60(3):214–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13022.
Nirmal B, George R, Kodiatte TA. Invisible lichen planopilaris unmasked by dermatoscopy. Int J Trichol. 2017;9(2):76–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_81_16.
Jain N, Doshi B, Khopkar U. Trichoscopy in alopecias: diagnosis simplified. Int J Trichol. 2013;5(4):170–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.130385.
Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM, et al. Alopecia areata: disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141.
Callender VD, Lawson CN, Onwudiwe OC. Hair transplantation in the surgical treatment of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40(10):1125–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000000127.
Karadağ AS, Parish LC. Sarcoidosis: a great imitator. Clin Dermatol. 2019;37(3):240–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.005.
Katta R, Nelson B, Chen D, Roenigk H. Sarcoidosis of the scalp: a case series and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(4):690–2.
Fernandez-Faith E, McDonnell J. Cutaneous sarcoidosis: differential diagnosis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(3):276–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.03.004.
Prohaska J, Demaree E, Powers J, Cook C. Scalp sarcoidosis presenting as cicatricial alopecia. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018;118(12):824–6. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2018.175.
Knight L, Ngwanya M. Sarcoidosis of the scalp: the largest single-institutional case series. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(8):e149–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14483.
Kreutzer KM, Effendy I. Cicatricial alopecia related to folliculotropic mycosis fungoides. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(5):1175–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00429-0.
Bi MY, Curry JL, Christiano AM, Hordinsky MK, Norris DA, Price VH, et al. The spectrum of hair loss in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(1):53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.056.
Nasimi M, Ahangari N, Lajevardi V, Mahmoudi H, Ghodsi SZ, Etesami I. Quality of life and mental health status in patients with lichen planopilaris based on Dermatology Life Quality Index and General Health Questionnaire-28 questionnaires. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020;6(5):399–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.09.005.
Alirezaei P, Ahmadpanah M, Rezanejad A, Soltanian A, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S. Compared to controls, individuals with lichen planopilaris have more depression, a lower self-esteem, and a lower quality of life. Neuropsychobiology. 2019;78(2):95–103. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499135.
Kerkemeyer KL, Green J. Lichen planopilaris: a retrospective study of 32 cases in an Australian tertiary referral hair clinic. Australas J Dermatol. 2018;59(4):297–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12772.
Vano-Galvan S, Trindadedearvalho L, Saceda-Corralo D, Rodrigues-Barata R, Kerkemeyer KL, Sinclair RD, et al. Oral minoxidil improves background hair thickness in lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(6):1684–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.026.
Bergfeld W, Washenik K, Callender V, Zhang P, Quiza C, Doshi U, et al. A phase III, multicenter, parallel-design clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of 5% minoxidil foam versus vehicle in women with female pattern hair loss. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(7):874–81.
Olsen EA, Dunlap FE, Funicella T, Koperski JA, Swinehart JM, Tschen EH, et al. A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(3):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.124088.
Abraham A, Roga G. Topical steroid-damaged skin. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(5):456–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.139872.
Lyakhovitsky A, Amichai B, Sizopoulou C, Barzilai A. A case series of 46 patients with lichen planopilaris: demographics, clinical evaluation, and treatment experience. J Dermatol Treat. 2015;26(3):275–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2014.933165.
Mehregan DA, Van Hale HM, Muller SA. Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty-five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(6 Pt 1):935–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(92)70290-v.
Akiyama M, Smith LT, Holbrook KA. Growth factor and growth factor receptor localization in the hair follicle bulge and associated tissue in human fetus. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106(3):391–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12343381.
Cervelli V, Garcovich S, Bielli A, Cervelli G, Curcio BC, Scioli MG, et al. The effect of autologous activated platelet rich plasma (AA-PRP) injection on pattern hair loss: clinical and histomorphometric evaluation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:760709. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/760709.
Yin L, Svigos K, Lo Sicco K, Shapiro J. Platelet-rich plasma. In: Alves R, Grimalt R, editors. Techniques in the evaluation and management of hair diseases. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2021.
Bolanca Z, Goren A, Getaldic-Svarc B, Vucic M, Situm M. Platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment for lichen planopillaris. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29(4):233–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12343.
Dina Y, Aguh C. Use of platelet-rich plasma in cicatricial alopecia. Dermatol Surg. 2019;45(7):979–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001635.
Jha AK. Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(5):e95–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.05.029.
Özcan D, Tunçer Vural A, Özen Ö. Platelet-rich plasma for treatment resistant frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case report. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(5):e13072. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13072.
Svigos K, Yin L, Shaw K, Gutierrez D, Peterson E, Lo Sicco K, et al. Use of platelet-rich plasma in lichen planopilaris and its variants: a retrospective case series demonstrating treatment tolerability without koebnerization. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(5):1506–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.026.
Nichonncha E, Foley CC, Markham T. The role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of lichen planopilaris: a retrospective case series and review. Dermatol Ther. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12463.
Naeini FF, Saber M, Asilian A, Hosseini SM. Clinical efficacy and safety of methotrexate versus hydroxychloroquine in preventing lichen planopilaris progress: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:37. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_156_17.
Geamănu Pancă A, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Marinescu B, Geamănu CD, Voinea LM. Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review. J Med Life. 2014;7(3):322–6.
Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058.
Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1453–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459.
Henehan M, Montuno M, De Benedetto A. Doxycycline as an anti-inflammatory agent: updates in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(11):1800–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14345.
Patel RS, Parmar M. Doxycycline hyclate. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Spring P, Spanou Z, de Viragh PA. Lichen planopilaris treated by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone: lack of lasting improvement or cure in the majority of patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(5):830–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.066.
Mardones F, Shapiro J. Lichen planopilaris in a Latin American (Chilean) population: demographics, clinical profile and treatment experience. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(7):755–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.13203.
Iamsumang W, Leerunyakul K, Suchonwanit P. Finasteride and its potential for the treatment of female pattern hair loss: evidence to date. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2020;14:951–9. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.S240615.
Adil A, Godwin M. The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(1):136-41.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054.
Zito PM, Bistas KG, Syed K. Finasteride. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Oliveira-Soares R, André MC, Peres-Correia M. Adverse effects with finasteride 5 mg/day for patterned hair loss in premenopausal women. Int J Trichol. 2018;10(1):48–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_73_15.
Mirmirani P, Karnik P. Lichen planopilaris treated with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1363–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.283.
George SJ, Hsu S. Lichen planopilaris treated with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(6):965–6. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.119559.
Hodgens A, Sharman T. Corticosteroids. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Peterson EL, Gutierrez D, Brinster NK, Lo Sicco KI, Shapiro J. Response of lichen planopilaris to pioglitazone hydrochloride. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12):1276–9.
Karnik P, Tekeste Z, McCormick TS, Gilliam AC, Price VH, Cooper KD, et al. Hair follicle stem cell-specific PPARgamma deletion causes scarring alopecia. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(5):1243–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.369.
Spring P, Spanou Z, de Viragh PA. Lichen planopilaris treated by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone: lack of lasting improvement or cure in the majority of patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(5):830–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.066.
Lee B, Elston DM. The uses of naltrexone in dermatologic conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1746–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.031.
Strazzulla LC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Shapiro J. Novel treatment using low-dose naltrexone for lichen planopilaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(11):1140–2.
Lajevardi V, Salarvand F, Ghiasi M, Nasimi M, Taraz M. The efficacy and safety of oral low dose naltrexone versus placebo in the patients with lichen planopilaris: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dermatol Treat. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1774488 (Epub 8 Jun 2020).
Pile HD, Sadiq NM. Isotretinoin. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Spano F, Donovan JC. Efficacy of oral retinoids in treatment-resistant lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(5):1016–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.013.
Fatemi F, Mohaghegh F, Danesh F, Saber M, Rajabi P. Isotretinoin for the treatment of facial lichen planopilaris: a new indication for an old drug, a case series study. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8(12):2524–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.3210.
Mostafa N, Phan K, Smith S. Mycophenolate mofetil and lichen planopilaris: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol Treat. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1755416 (Epub 23 Apr 2020).
CellCept [package insert]. Roche Laboratories Inc; 2000.
Hannoodee M, Mittal M. Methotrexate. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Bulbul Baskan E, Yazici S. Treatment of lichen planopilaris: methotrexate or cyclosporine a therapy? Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2018;37(2):196–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2017.1382503.
Fatemi Naeini F, Mohaghegh F, Jelvan M, Asilian A, Saber M. Cyclosporine or methotrexate, which one is more promising in the treatment of lichen planopilaris? A comparative clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106765.
Safarini OA, Patel J. Calcineurin inhibitors. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Mirmirani P, Willey A, Price VH. Short course of oral cyclosporine in lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(4):667–71. https://doi.org/10.1067/s0190-9622(03)00873-9.
Chieregato C, Zini A, Barba A, Magnanini M, Rosina P. Lichen planopilaris: report of 30 cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(5):342–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01695.x.
Yang CC, Khanna T, Sallee B, Christiano AM, Bordone LA. Tofacitinib for the treatment of lichen planopilaris: a case series. Dermatol Ther. 2018;31(6):12656. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12656.
Batra P, Sukhdeo K, Shapiro J. Hair loss in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia: not always irreversible. Skin Appendage Disord. 2020;6(2):125–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000505439.
Harigai M. Growing evidence of the safety of JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2019;58(Suppl 1):i34–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key287.
Phillips TG, Slomiany WP, Allison R. Hair loss: common causes and treatment. Am Fam Phys. 2017;96(6):371–8.
Liu YS, Jee SH, Chan JL. Hair transplantation for the treatment of lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia: a report of two cases. Australas J Dermatol. 2018;59(2):e118–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12682.
Dahdah MJ, Iorizzo M. The role of hair restoration surgery in primary cicatricial alopecia. Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;2(1–2):57–60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448104.
Unger W, Unger R, Wesley C. The surgical treatment of cicatricial alopecia. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21(4):295–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00211.x.
Jiménez F. Commentary: lichen planopilaris after hair transplantation. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(12):2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02578.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Jerry Shapiro is an investigator for RegenLab, a stockholder in Replicel, a consultant for Pfizer, and a consultant for Lilly. Kristen Lo Sicco is an investigator for RegenLab, an investigator for Pfizer, and the recipient of a Pfizer educational grant. Katerina Svigos, Lu Yin, and Lauren Fried have no disclosures to declare.
Funding
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.
Author contributions
All authors were involved in the writing, editing, and preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Institutional Review Board Approval
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Svigos, K., Yin, L., Fried, L. et al. A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Classic Lichen Planopilaris. Am J Clin Dermatol 22, 681–692 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00630-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00630-7