Abstract
The change in the amount of erosion, sedimentation and permeability is directly related to the change in the physical and chemical properties of soil, especially for marl formation (MF). Any hydrological modeling should be verified with land use (LU) and surface parameters of MF. For this purpose, soil hydrological response (HR) and soil loss were estimated for different LU units in Iran’s Sorkhab MF using ArcSWAT model. The output of the model was compared with the real data obtained from Kamphorst rainfall simulator (RS). The results showed that modeling well separated the changes through HR in different LUs of MF. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference (R2 = 0.72 and ENS = 0.68) between results of RS and SWAT modeling (p < 0.05). The estimated sediment and the runoff rate were 4.62 t ha−1 and 6.54 m3 ha−1, respectively, for the large simulated unchanged units, and the amounts of sediment and runoff were 87.8 t ha−1 and 8.28 m3 ha−1, respectively, for units under land-use change (LUC). Generally, SWAT model has the ability to show the soil HR under LUCs in MFs.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- HR:
-
Hydrological response
- MF:
-
Marl formation
- SWAT:
-
Soil and Water Assessment Tool
- RS:
-
Rainfall simulator
- LU:
-
Land use
- LUC:
-
Land-use change
- LC:
-
Land cover
- SL:
-
Soil loss
- SE:
-
Soil erosion
References
Ahmadi H (2008) Applied geomorphology, vol 1. Water erosion. Tehran University Press, Tehran, p 688
Al-Ansari N, Ezz-Aldeen M, Knutsson S, Al-Ansari N, Ezz-Aldeen M, Knutsson S (2013) Application of SWAT model to estimate the sediment load from the left bank of Mosul Dam. J Adv Sci Eng Res 3(1):47–61
Alatorre LC, Beguería S (2009) Identification of eroded areas using remote sensing in a badlands landscape on marls in the central Spanish Pyrenees. CATENA 76(3):182–190
Arnold JG, Moriasi DN, Gassman PW, Abbaspour KC, White MJ, Srinivasan R, Santhi C, Harmel RD, Van Griensven A, Van Liew MW, Kannan N (2012) SWAT: model use, calibration, and validation. Trans ASABE 55(4):1491–1508
Bagherzadeh A (2014) Estimation of soil losses by USLE model using GIS at Mashhad plain, Northeast of Iran. Arab J Geosci 7(1):211–220
Bartsch KP, Miegroet HV, Boettinger J, Dobrowolski JP (2002) Using empirical erosion models and GIS to determine erosion risk at Camp Williams, Utah. J Soil Water Conserv 57(1):29–37
Beskow S, Mello CR, Norton LD, Curi N, Viola MR, Avanzi JC (2009) Soil erosion prediction in the Grande River catchment, Brazil using distributed modeling. Catena 79(1):49–59
Castaldi F, Chiocchini U (2012) Effects of land use changes on badland erosion in clayey drainage basins, Radicofani, Central Italy. Geomorphology 169:98–108
de Medeiros IC, da Costa Silva JFCB, Silva RM, Santos CAG (2018) Run-off–erosion modelling and water balance in the Epitácio Pessoa Dam river basin, Paraíba State in Brazil. J Environ Sci Technol 16(7):3035–3048
Descroix L, Claude JC (2002) Spatial and temporal factors of erosion by water of black marls in the badlands of the French southern Alps. Hydrol Sci J 47(2):227–242
Dietrich WE, Dunne T, Humphrey NF, Reid LM (1982) Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins. In: Sediment budgets and routing in forested drainage basins: Proceedings of the symposium; 31 May–1 June 1982; Corvallis, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-141. Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, pp 5–23
Douglas-Mankin KR, Srinivasan R, Arnold JG (2010) Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model: current developments and applications. Trans ASABE 53(5):1423–1431
El-Asmar HM, White K (2002) Changes in coastal sediment transport processes due to construction of New Damietta Harbour, Nile Delta, Egypt. Coast Eng 46(2):127–138
Fang NF, Shi ZH, Li L, Guo ZL, Liu QJ, Ai L (2012) The effects of rainfall regimes and land use changes on runoff and soil loss in a small mountainous watershed. CATENA 99:1–8
Faramarzi MK, Abbaspour C, Schulin R, Yang H (2009) Modeling blue and green water availability in Iran. Hydrol Proc 23(3):486–501
Faulkner H (2013) Badlands in marl lithologies: a field guide to soil dispersion, subsurface erosion and piping-origin gullies. CATENA 106:42–53
García-Ruiz JM (2010) The effects of land uses on soil erosion in Spain: a review. CATENA 81(1):1–11
Ghahreman B, Abkhzr HR (2004) Correlation of intensity-duration-frequency relationship of rainfall in Iran. Science and technology of agriculture and natural resources—Isfahan University of Technology. J Water Soil Sci 8(2):1–14
Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S (2012) Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. J Endocrinol Metab 10(2):486
Gholami L, Sadeghi SH, Homaee M (2013) Straw mulching effect on splash erosion, runoff, and sediment yield from eroded plots. Soil Sci Soc Am J 77(1):268–278
Jordán A, Martínez-Zavala L (2008) Soil loss and runoff rates on unpaved forest roads in southern Spain after simulated rainfall. For Ecol Manag 255(3–4):913–919
Jordán A, Martínez-Zavala L, Bellinfante N (2008) Heterogeneity in soil hydrological response from different land cover types in southern Spain. CATENA 74(2):137–143
Kamphorst A (1987) A small rainfall simulator for the determination of soil erodibility. Neth J Agric Sci 35:407–415
Kavian A, Safari A, Parsakhoo A (2016) Assessment of forest roads sediment yield using WARSEM, SEDMODL and direct measurement through rainfall simulation. J Range Watershed Manag (Iranian J Nat Reso) 69(1):167–186
Khelifa WB, Hermassi T, Strohmeier S, Zucca C, Ziadat F, Boufaroua M, Habaieb H (2017) Parameterization of the effect of bench terraces on runoff and sediment yield by SWAT modeling in a small semi-arid watershed in Northern Tunisia. Land Degrad Dev 28(5):1568–1578
Kukal SS, Sarkar M (2011) Laboratory simulation studies on splash erosion and crusting in relation to surface roughness and raindrop size. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 59(1):87–93
Kummu M, Varis O (2007) Sediment-related impacts due to upstream reservoir trapping, the lower Mekong River. Geomorphology 85(3–4):275–293
Li L, Wang Y, Liu C (2014) Effects of land use changes on soil erosion in a fast developing area. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(6):1549–1562
Martínez-Casasnovas JA, Ramos MC, Ribes-Dasi M (2002) Soil erosion caused by extreme rainfall events: mapping and quantification an agricultural plots from very detailed digital elevation models. Geoderma 105(1–2):125–140
Mathys N (2006) Analyse et modélisation à différentes échelles des mécanismes d’érosion et de transport de matériaux solides. Cas des petits bassins versants de montagne sur marne (Draix. Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). PhD thesis
Morin E, Goodrich DC, Maddox RA (2006) Spatial patterns in thunderstorm rainfall events and their coupling with watershed hydrological response. Adv Water Res 29(6):843–860
Nadal-Romero E, García-Ruiz JM (2018) Rethinking spatial and temporal variability of erosion in badlands. In: Badlands dynamics in a context of global change. Elsevier, pp 217–253
Nadal-Romero E, Martínez-Murillo JF, Vanmaercke M, Poesen J (2011) Scale-dependency of sediment yield from badland areas in Mediterranean environments. Prog Phys Geogr 35(3):297–332
Napoli M, Dalla Marta A, Zanchi CA, Orlandini S (2017) Assessment of soil and nutrient losses by runoff under different soil management practices in an Italian hilly vineyard. Soil Tillage Res 168:71–80
Nunes AN, De Almeida AC, Coelho CO (2011) Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal. Appl Geogr 31(2):687–699
Pacheco FAL, Varandas SGP, Fernandes LS, Junior RV (2014) Soil losses in rural watersheds with environmental land use conflicts. Sci Total Environ 485:110–120
Peng T, Wang SJ (2012) Effects of land use, land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China. CATENA 90:53–62
Pimentel D, Burgess M (2013) Soil erosion threatens food production. Agriculture 3(3):443–463
Rogers NW, Selbi MJ (1980) Mechanisms of shallow transnational landsliding during summer rainstorms: north Island, New Zealand. Geografiska Ann Ser A Phys Geogr 62(1):11–21
Ruiz-Sinoga JD, Romero-Diaz A, Ferre-Bueno E, Martínez-Murillo JF (2010) The role of soil surface conditions in regulating runoff and erosion processes on a metamorphic hillslope (southern Spain): soil surface conditions, runoff and erosion in southern Spain. CATENA 80(2):131–139
Setegn SG, Dargahi B, Srinivasan R, Melesse AM (2010) Modeling of sediment yield from Anjeni-Gauged watershed, Ethiopia using SWAT model 1. JAWRA J Am Water Res Assoc 46(3):514–526
Switalski TA, Bissonette JA, DeLuca TH, Luce CH, Madej MA (2004) Benefits and impacts of road removal. Front Ecol Environ 2(1):21–28
Toy TJ, Foster GR, Renard KG (2001) Soil erosion: processes, prediction, measurement and control. Wiley, New York, p 338
Vallauri DR, Aronson J, Barbero M (2002) An analysis of forest restoration 120 years after reforestation on badlands in the Southwestern Alps. Restor Ecol 10(1):16–26
Verheijen FGA, Jones RJA, Rickson RJ, Smith CJ (2009) Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe. Earth Sci Rev 94:23–38
Wang S, Fu B, Piao S, Lü Y, Ciais P, Feng X, Wang Y (2016) Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes. Nat Geosci 9(1):38
Wei W, Chen LD, Fu BJ, Huang ZL, Wu DP, Gui LD (2007) The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area, China. J Hydrol 335:247–258
Yesuf HM, Assen M, Alamirew T, Melesse AM (2015) Modeling of sediment yield in Maybar gauged watershed using SWAT, northeast Ethiopia. CATENA 127:191–205
Zhao L, Hou R, Wu F, Keesstra S (2018) Effect of soil surface roughness on infiltration water, ponding and runoff on tilled soils under rainfall simulation experiments. Soil Tillage Res 179:47–53
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: S. R. Sabbagh-Yazdi.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Poorheydari, S., Ahmadi, H., Moeini, A. et al. Efficiency of SWAT model for determining hydrological responses of marl formation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 3741–3750 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02688-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02688-y