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Practical aspects of biowastes conversion to fertilizers

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Abstract

The paper presents different aspects of biomass-based fertilizer production along with technological challenges, relevant law — the European Union guidelines concerning renewable resources, in particular bio-based wastes valorization for fertilizer purposes — and products introduction to the market. Fertilizer technology employs different types of biosolids: sewage sludge, ashes from sewage sludge, agricultural residues, and food waste. Organo-mineral fertilizers can be formulated from different mass streams of biological origin: biomass processed by biological conversion (aerobic or anaerobic), chemical conditioning (acids or alkali), or thermal processes (combustion, pyrolysis). Through a combination of different types of processed biomass (e.g., biosolids conditioned with mineral acid can be neutralized and granulated with ashes from the biomass combustion) and by composition correction, it is possible to produce organic-mineral fertilizers. Particular attention was paid to relevant law (agriculture and non-agricultural applications) and technological problems such as large-scale installations. The available fertilizer production technologies constitute a part of the concept of bio-based circular economy, which in turn could lead to sustainable development as envisioned by the new European Green Deal strategy.

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Acknowledgements

This article was prepared under the ERA-NET 2021 Joint Call on Circularity project ID:26, entitled: “Solutions for GHGs emissions mitigation for the mixed farming systems across different European climates.” Project is co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland

    Katarzyna Chojnacka, Katarzyna Mikula, Dawid Skrzypczak, Grzegorz Izydorczyk & Anna Witek-Krowiak

  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland

    Katarzyna Gorazda & Halyna Kominko

  3. Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Gramatyka 10, 30-067, Cracow, Poland

    Joanna Kulczycka

  4. School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, GR-15780, Zographou Campus, Greece

    Konstantinos Moustakas

Authors
  1. Katarzyna Chojnacka
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  2. Katarzyna Mikula
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  9. Anna Witek-Krowiak
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Katarzyna Chojnacka, Katarzyna Gorazda, Anna Witek-Krowiak; writing—original draft: Katarzyna Chojnacka, Katarzyna Mikula, Dawid Skrzypczak, Grzegorz Izydorczyk, Katarzyna Gorazda, Joanna Kulczycka, Halyna Kominko, Anna Witek-Krowiak; writing—review and editing: Katarzyna Chojnacka, Katarzyna Gorazda, Anna Witek-Krowiak, Konstantinos Moustakas; funding acquisition: Katarzyna Chojnacka; supervision: Katarzyna Chojnacka, Katarzyna Gorazda, Anna Witek-Krowiak, Konstantinos Moustakas.

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Correspondence to Katarzyna Mikula.

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Chojnacka, K., Mikula, K., Skrzypczak, D. et al. Practical aspects of biowastes conversion to fertilizers. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 1515–1533 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02477-2

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