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Hydraulic Design and Analysis of Piano Key Weirs: A Review

  • Review Article--Civil Engineering
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Abstract

Dams are multipurpose structures that provide water for drinking purposes, hydroelectric power generation, navigation, industrial uses, and irrigation, in addition to flood control. The loss of storage due to siltation or submergence can be remedied by constructing an ungated spillway or weir over the dam structure. Many researchers have studied different shapes of the weir to reduce the submergence problem; some used the modified shape of the weir named Labyrinth weir in their studies, which gives the concept of a new shape of the nonlinear Piano Key Weir (PKWs). The PKW is a cost-effective solution for rehabilitation and new dam projects with a high level of constraints, for instance, limited space, small reservoir level, high specific flood discharge, etc. This paper reviews the previous studies on the historical development of the PKW, the geometry and structural integrity, the methodologies developed by researchers, and the stability of flow hydrodynamics at the PKW. The purpose of this study is to summarize the available information to date about PKW hydraulics and compare it to other alternative rectilinear or nonlinear weirs from the literature in terms of discharge capabilities, sediment transportation efficiency, aeration performance, and economic aspects. The comparison shows that the PKW is an excellent alternative for dam risk mitigation due to its high spillway capabilities, aeration performance, and economic point of view with other alternatives. Furthermore, in addition to field applicability, this study identifies future research possibilities that merit further investigation.

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Fig. 1

(Adapted from Lempérière et al. [22])

Fig. 2

(Adapted from Pralong et al. [46]), b fundamental parameters of a PK weir—plan view (left) and cross section (right) (Adapted from Pralong et al. [46])

Fig. 3

(Adapted from Lempérière and Ouamane [37])

Fig. 4

(Adapted from Pfister and Schleiss [59])

Fig. 5

(Adapted from Blancher et al. [74])

Fig. 6

(Adapted from Erpicum et al. [75])

Fig. 7

(Adapted from Lempérière and Vigny [40])

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Data Availability Statement

No data, models, or code was generated or used during the study.

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Acknowledgements

We express our unique sense of gratitude and respect toward Dr. P. S. Mahar, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, GBPUA, and T. Pantnagar, for providing the guidance and support in writing this paper.

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    Deepak Singh & Munendra Kumar

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Singh, D., Kumar, M. Hydraulic Design and Analysis of Piano Key Weirs: A Review. Arab J Sci Eng 47, 5093–5107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06370-4

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