Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Various associations of aging and long-term HIV infection with different neurocognitive functions: detailed analysis of a Japanese nationwide multicenter study

  • Published:
Journal of NeuroVirology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Detailed information of the effects of age and long-term HIV infection on various neurocognitive function have not been fully evaluated yet. In a prospective Japanese nationwide multicenter study of 17 facilities (J-HAND study), 728 HIV-infected individuals completed 14 neuropsychological (NP) tests; Verbal Fluency (VF; category and letter), Digit Span (DS; forward and backward), Trail Making Test (TMT) A-B, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT; copy, immediate and delayed recall), Story Memory Test (SMT; immediate and delayed recall), Digit Symbol Subset (DSS), and the Grooved Pegboard (GP; dominant and non-dominant). Multivariate analysis identified older age (≥ 50 years) to be associated with lower scores in all three ROCFT and GP dominant [odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.801 (1.217–2.664), 2402 (1.366–3.055), 2.691 (1.720–4.211), and 2.302 (1.145–4.628), respectively], whereas longer time since diagnosis was associated with a lower score in ROCFT (delayed recall) (OR 1.224, 95%CI 1.045–1.434). In VF letter, older age and longer time since diagnosis were associated with a better score [OR (95%CI) 0.449 (0.234–0.861) and 0.831 (0.692–0.997)]. In DSS and TMT-A, longer time since diagnosis was associated with a better score [OR (95%CI): 0.808 (0.670–0.973) and 0.795 (0.665–0.949), respectively]. Older patients in later years since diagnosis are at higher risk of visuospatial and motor impairments despite ART, whereas they are less likely to develop verbal impairment, suggesting that verbal function is relatively resistant to aging and long history of HIV infection under ART. These findings suggest that customtailored supports should be established based on the individual background.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe M, Suzuki K, Okada K, Miura R, Fujii T, Etsurou M, Yamadori A (2004) Normative data on tests for frontal lobe functions: trail making test, verbal fluency, Wisconsin card sorting test. Brain Nerve 57:567–574 [in Japanese]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789–1799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet F, Amieva H, Marquant F, Bernard C, Bruyand M, Dauchy FA, Mercie P, Greib C, Richert L, Neau D, Catheline G, Dehail P, Dabis F, Morlat P, Dartigues JF, Chene G, Cohort SCA (2013) Cognitive disorders in HIV-infected patients: are they HIV-related? AIDS 27:391–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coban H, Robertson K, Smurzynski M, Krishnan S, Wu K, Bosch RJ, Collier AC, Ellis RJ (2017) Impact of aging on neurocognitive performance in previously antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals on their first suppressive regimen. AIDS 31:1565–1571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elicer IM, Byrd D, Clark US, Morgello S, Robinson-Papp J (2018) Motor function declines over time in human immunodeficiency virus and is associated with cerebrovascular disease, while HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains stable. J Neuro-Oncol 24:514–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Vaida F, Haubrich R, Heaton RK, Sacktor N, Clifford DB, Best BM, May S, Umlauf A, Cherner M, Sanders C, Ballard C, Simpson DM, Jay C, McCutchan JA (2014) Randomized trial of central nervous system-targeted antiretrovirals for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Clin Infect Dis 58:1015–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fama R, Sullivan EV, Sassoon SA, Pfefferbaum A, Zahr NM (2016) Impairments in component processes of executive function and episodic memory in alcoholism, HIV infection, and HIV infection with alcoholism comorbidity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:2656–2666

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foley JM, Gooding AL, Thames AD, Ettenhofer ML, Kim MS, Castellon SA, Marcotte TD, Sadek JR, Heaton RK, van Gorp WG, Hinkin CH (2013) Visuospatial and attentional abilities predict driving simulator performance among older HIV-infected adults. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 28:185–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goodkin K, Miller EN, Cox C, Reynolds S, Becker JT, Martin E, Selnes OA, Ostrow DG, Sacktor NC (2017) Effect of ageing on neurocognitive function by stage of HIV infection: evidence from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Lancet HIV 4:e411–e422

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto R, Meguro K, Lee E, Kasai M, Ishii H, Yamaguchi SM, Nakanishi M (2006) Effects of age and education on the trail making test and determination of normative data for Japanese elderly people: the Tajiri project. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 60:422–428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, JC MA, Morgello S, Simpson DM, JA MC, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I, for the CHARTER Group (2010) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretoroviral therapy. Neurology 75:2087–2096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, JA MC, Letendre SL, Leblanc S, Corkran SH, Duarte NA, Clifford DB, Woods SP, Collier AC, Marra CM, Morgello S, Mindt MR, Taylor MJ, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T, Gelman BB, JC MA, Simpson DM, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I, for the CHARTER and HNRC Groups (2011) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neuro-Oncol 17:3–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton RK, Franklin DR Jr, Deutsch R, Letendre S, Ellis RJ, Casaletto K, Marquine MJ, Woods SP, Vaida F, Atkinson JH, Marcotte TD, JA MC, Collier AC, Marra CM, Clifford DB, Gelman BB, Sacktor N, Morgello S, Simpson DM, Abramson I, Gamst AC, Fennema-Notestine C, Smith DM, Grant I, for the CHARTER Group (2015) Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: the longitudinal CHARTER study. Clin Infect Dis 60:473–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinai E, Komatsu K, Sakamoto M, Taniguchi T, Nakao A, Igari H, Takada K, Watanabe A, Takahashi-Nakazato A, Takano M, Kikuchi Y, Oka S, for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in Japanese (J-HAND study group) (2017) Association of age and time of disease with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: a Japanese nationwide multicenter study. J Neuro-Oncol 23:864–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Klove H (1963) Clinical neuropsychology. In: Forster FM (ed) The medical clinics of North America. WB Saunders, New York, pp 110–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezak MD (2012) Neuropsychological assessment, 5th ed edn. Oxford University Press

  • Maki PM, Rubin LH, Valcour V, Martin E, Crystal H, Young M, Weber KM, Manly J, Richardson J, Alden C, Anastos K (2015) Cognitive function in women with HIV: findings from the women’s interagency HIV study. Neurology 84:231–240

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcotte TD, Wolfson T, Rosenthal TJ, Heaton RK, Gonzalez R, Ellis RJ, Grant I (2004) A multimodal assessment of driving performance in HIV infection. Neurology 63:1417–1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell J, Haddow L, Daskalopoulou M, Lampe F, Speakman A, Gilson R, Phillips A, Sherr L, Wayal S, Harrison J, Antinori A, Maruff P, Schembri A, Johnson M, Collins S, Rodger A, for the Cognitive Impairment in People with HIV in the European Region (CIPHER) Study Group (2014) Minimal cognitive impairment in UK HIV-positive men who have sex with men: effect of case definitions and comparison with the general population and HIV-negative men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 67:120–127

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ostubo T, Tanaka K, Koda R, Shinoda J, Sano N, Tanaka S, Aoyama H, Mimura M, Kamijima K (2005) Reliability and validity of Japanese version of the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 59:517–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitan RM, Wolfson D (1985) The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Neuropsychology Press, Tucson

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson K, Jiang H, Kumwenda J, Supparatpinyo K, Evans S, Campbell TB, Price R, Tripathy S, Kumarasamy N, La Rosa A, Santos B, study t, Silva MT, Montano S, Kanyama C, Faesen S, Murphy R, Hall C, Marra CM, Marcus C, Berzins B, Allen R, Housseinipour M, Amod F, Sanne I, Hakim J, Walawander A, Nair A, Group ACT (2012) Improved neuropsychological and neurological functioning across three antiretroviral regimens in diverse resource-limited settings: AIDS Clinical Trials Group study a5199, the international neurological study. Clin Infect Dis 55:868–76

  • Robinson-Papp J, Byrd D, Mindt MR, Oden NL, Simpson DM, Morgello S (2008) Motor function and human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment in a highly active antiretroviral therapy-era cohort. Arch Neurol 65:1096–1101

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sacktor N, Robertson K (2014) Evolving clinical phenotypes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 9:517–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seider TR, Luo X, Gongvatana A, Devlin KN, de la Monte SM, Chasman JD, Yan P, Tashima KT, Navia B, Cohen RA (2014) Verbal memory declines more rapidly with age in HIV infected versus uninfected adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 36:356–367

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan H, Arnorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59:22–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard DP, Iudicello JE, Morgan EE, Kamat R, Clark LR, Avci G, Bondi MW, Woods SP (2017) Accelerated and accentuated neurocognitive aging in HIV infection. J Neuro-Oncol 23:492–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozzi V, Balestra P, Bellagamba R, Corpolongo A, Salvatori M, Visco-Comandini U, Vlassi C, Giulianelli M, Galgani S, Antinori A, Narciso P (2007) Persistence of neuropsychologic deficits despite long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-related neurocognitive impairment: prevalence and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 45:174–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vance DE, Rubin LH, Valcour V, Waldrop-Valverde D, Maki PM (2016) Aging and neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected women: a review of the literature involving the Women's interagency HIV study. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 13:399–411

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Winston A, Puls R, Kerr SJ, Duncombe C, Li PC, Gill JM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Emery S, Cooper DA, for the Altair Study Group (2012) Dynamics of cognitive change in HIV-infected individuals commencing three different initial antiretroviral regimens: a randomized, controlled study. HIV Med 13:245–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright EJ, Grund B, Cysique LA, Robertson KR, Brew BJ, Collins G, Shlay JC, Winston A, Read TR, Price RW, International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIVTSSG (2015) Factors associated with neurocognitive test performance at baseline: a substudy of the INSIGHT strategic timing of AntiRetroviral treatment (START) trial. HIV Med 16(Suppl 1):97–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright EJ, Grund B, Robertson KR, Cysique L, Brew BJ, Collins GL, Poehlman-Roediger M, Vjecha MJ, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Standridge B, Carey C, Avihingsanon A, Florence E, Lundgren JD, Arenas-Pinto A, Mueller NJ, Winston A, Nsubuga MS, Lal L, Price RW, for the INSIGHT START Neurology Substudy Group ISNS (2018) No neurocognitive advantage for immediate antiretroviral treatment in adults with greater than 500 CD4+ T-cell counts. AIDS 32:985–997

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita H (2014) Intermanual differences on neuropsychological motor tasks in a Japanese university students samples. Japan Psychol Res 56:103–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors express special thanks to all members of the J-HAND Data Center: Aki Watanabe, Ai Takahashi-Nakazato, Sota Kimura, Yoko Kiryu, Akiko Nakano, Misao Takano, Mikiko Ogata, and Yuko Tanaka, of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine.

The authors also thank all members of the J-HAND Study Group: Tomoyuki Endo, Yoko Ishida, Mitsuo Okawa, Satoshi Hashino, Takeshi Kondo, and Katsuya Fujimoto of Hokkaido University, School of Medicine; Hiroki Tsukada, Takafumi Tezuka, and Miyuki Takeuchi of Niigata City Hospital; Yoshimi Kikuchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kunihisa Tsukada, Katsuji Teruya, Hirohisa Yazaki, Ikumi Genka, Takahiro Aoki, Daisuke Mizushima, Taiichiro Kobayashi, and Yasuaki Yanagawa of AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine; Hidetoshi Igari, Naruhiko Ishiwada, Noriko Takeuchi, Masako Ishikawa, Reiko Nabae, Moe Tashiro, Ryota Ono, and Takayuki Sakurai of Chiba University, School of Medicine; Yasuo Ota, Ichiro Koga, Takatoshi Kitazawa, Kazunori Senoh, Mihoko Kanbe, and Takahiro Tanaka of Teikyo University, School of Medicine; Toshio Naito and Shinichi Fukushima of Juntendo University, School of Medicine; Yoshiyuki Yokomaku, Mari Ishihara, Ayuko Matsuoka, and Yuko Mori of Nagoya Medical Center; Hideho Wada, Takashi Sugihara, Hirofumi Fukuda, Aki Yoshitake, Taizo Tasaka, Hidekazu Nakanishi, Yoshiko Matsuhashi, and Toshinori Kondo of Kawasaki Medical University; Kasumi Ishiguro, Makie Okada, Etsuko Kadota, Kaoru Mikasa, Sayoko Oyama, Sanae Saito, Yuri Funada, Takahiro Kinashi, Terumi Hisamoto, and Taira Yano of Fukuyama Medical Center; Teruhisa Fujii, Seiji Saito, Naoya Yamazaki, Nobuko Kihana, Ryoko Ogawa, Izumi Asai, and Asuka Sato of Hiroshima University, School of Medicine; Kiyonori Takada, Jun Yamanouchi, Koichiro Suemori, Hidemoto Nakanishi, and Yuichi Murakami of Ehime University, School of Medicine; Hikaru Yamashita, Department of Psychology; Ehime University, Joh Sato, Asako Usui, Megumi Takiguchi, Tomoko Furunaga, Kaori Kawamoto, Yuki Takeshige, and Toshie Adachi of Kanmon Medical Center; Masahiro Yamamoto, Mariko Tsuji, and Atsuko Sakaki of Kyushu Medical Center; Kazuyoshi Saito, Machie Soga, Misako Tanaka, Katsunori Suzuki, and Mieko Teramoto of Industrial Medical University; Shuzo Matsushita, Toshikazu Miyakawa, Hirotomo Nakata, Yumiko Ezaki, Akiko Shibuya, Masatoshi Takaki, Saori Ueno, and Kie Takemura of Kumamoto University, School of Medicine; Teruhito Hashiguchi, Yoshinao Furukawa, Kayo Uemura, Heiichiro Hamada, Hiroshi Takashima, Akira Sano, Chihoko Tabata, Satomi Tsuneyoshi, Yayoi Maemura, Yasuo Takeda, Keiko Yachi, Kazuhiro, Takahama, Mihoko Tanaka, Niimi Ishihara, Masakaze Matsushita, Masako Iida, Shinnosuke Miyazato, and Haruka Makiyama of Kagoshima University, School of Medicine; and Masao Tateyama, Daisuke Tominaga, Kaoru Ue, Shuta Nakamura, Futoshi Higa, Kyoko Miyagi, Saori Maeda, Ichiko Oshiro, Yumiko Hedona, and Yumi Tabata of Ryukyu University, School of Medicine.

Funding

This work was supported by a Grant from the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (26-G-102), and the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Kensuke Komatsu, Ei Kinai & Shinichi Oka

  2. Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan

    Maiko Sakamoto

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan

    Toshibumi Taniguchi

  4. Department of Hematology, Ehime University, Toon, Japan

    Aya Nakao

  5. National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Japan

    Tatsuro Sakata & Akiko Iizuka

  6. Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan

    Teppei Koyama

  7. Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan

    Toki Ogata

  8. Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

    Akihiro Inui

Authors
  1. Kensuke Komatsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ei Kinai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maiko Sakamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Toshibumi Taniguchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aya Nakao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Tatsuro Sakata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Akiko Iizuka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Teppei Koyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Toki Ogata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Akihiro Inui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Shinichi Oka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

for The HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Japanese (J-HAND) Study Group (The J-HAND Study Group)

  • Aki Watanabe
  • , Ai Takahashi-Nakazato
  • , Sota Kimura
  • , Yoko Kiryu
  • , Akiko Nakano
  • , Misao Takano
  • , Mikiko Ogata
  • , Yuko Tanaka
  • , Tomoyuki Endo
  • , Yoko Ishida
  • , Mitsuo Okawa
  • , Satoshi Hashino
  • , Takeshi Kondo
  • , Katsuya Fujimoto
  • , Hiroki Tsukada
  • , Takafumi Tezuka
  • , Miyuki Takeuchi
  • , Yoshimi Kikuchi
  • , Hiroyuki Gatanaga
  • , Kunihisa Tsukada
  • , Katsuji Teruya
  • , Hirohisa Yazaki
  • , Ikumi Genka
  • , Takahiro Aoki
  • , Daisuke Mizushima
  • , Taiichiro Kobayashi
  • , Yasuaki Yanagawa
  • , Hidetoshi Igari
  • , Naruhiko Ishiwada
  • , Noriko Takeuchi
  • , Masako Ishikawa
  • , Reiko Nabae
  • , Moe Tashiro
  • , Ryota Ono
  • , Takayuki Sakurai
  • , Yasuo Ota
  • , Ichiro Koga
  • , Takatoshi Kitazawa
  • , Kazunori Senoh
  • , Mihoko Kanbe
  • , Takahiro Tanaka
  • , Toshio Naito
  • , Shinichi Fukushima
  • , Yoshiyuki Yokomaku
  • , Mari Ishihara
  • , Ayuko Matsuoka
  • , Yuko Mori
  • , Hideho Wada
  • , Takashi Sugihara
  • , Hirofumi Fukuda
  • , Aki Yoshitake
  • , Taizo Tasaka
  • , Hidekazu Nakanishi
  • , Yoshiko Matsuhashi
  • , Toshinori Kondo
  • , Kasumi Ishiguro
  • , Makie Okada
  • , Etsuko Kadota
  • , Kaoru Mikasa
  • , Sayoko Oyama
  • , Sanae Saito
  • , Yuri Funada
  • , Takahiro Kinashi
  • , Terumi Hisamoto
  • , Taira Yano
  • , Teruhisa Fujii
  • , Seiji Saito
  • , Naoya Yamazaki
  • , Nobuko Kihana
  • , Ryoko Ogawa
  • , Izumi Asai
  • , Asuka Sato
  • , Kiyonori Takada
  • , Jun Yamanouchi
  • , Koichiro Suemori
  • , Hidemoto Nakanishi
  • , Yuichi Murakami
  • , Hikaru Yamashita
  • , Joh Sato
  • , Asako Usui
  • , Megumi Takiguchi
  • , Tomoko Furunaga
  • , Kaori Kawamoto
  • , Yuki Takeshige
  • , Toshie Adachi
  • , Masahiro Yamamoto
  • , Mariko Tsuji
  • , Atsuko Sakaki
  • , Kazuyoshi Saito
  • , Machie Soga
  • , Misako Tanaka
  • , Katsunori Suzuki
  • , Mieko Teramoto
  • , Shuzo Matsushita
  • , Toshikazu Miyakawa
  • , Hirotomo Nakata
  • , Yumiko Ezaki
  • , Akiko Shibuya
  • , Masatoshi Takaki
  • , Saori Ueno
  • , Kie Takemura
  • , Teruhito Hashiguchi
  • , Yoshinao Furukawa
  • , Kayo Uemura
  • , Heiichiro Hamada
  • , Hiroshi Takashima
  • , Akira Sano
  • , Chihoko Tabata
  • , Satomi Tsuneyoshi
  • , Yayoi Maemura
  • , Yasuo Takeda
  • , Keiko Yachi
  • ,  Kazuhiro
  • ,  Takahama
  • , Mihoko Tanaka
  • , Niimi Ishihara
  • , Masakaze Matsushita
  • , Masako Iida
  • , Shinnosuke Miyazato
  • , Haruka Makiyama
  • , Masao Tateyama
  • , Daisuke Tominaga
  • , Kaoru Ue
  • , Shuta Nakamura
  • , Futoshi Higa
  • , Kyoko Miyagi
  • , Saori Maeda
  • , Ichiko Oshiro
  • , Yumiko Hedona
  •  & Yumi Tabata

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ei Kinai.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

*17 Hospitals across Japan

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 25 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Komatsu, K., Kinai, E., Sakamoto, M. et al. Various associations of aging and long-term HIV infection with different neurocognitive functions: detailed analysis of a Japanese nationwide multicenter study. J. Neurovirol. 25, 208–220 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-018-0704-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-018-0704-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation