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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) modulates the associations between insulin resistance and cognition in the current combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era: a study of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)

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Abstract

Cognitive impairment (CI) remains common despite access to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART); it has been linked to HIV-specific, HIV-related, and HIV-unrelated factors. Insulin resistance (IR) was associated with CI in the early cART era, when antiretroviral medications had greater mitochondrial and metabolic toxicity. We sought to examine these relationships in the current cART era of reduced antiretroviral toxicities. This study examined IR among non-diabetics in relation to a 1-h neuropsychological test battery among 994 women (659 HIV-infected and 335 HIV-uninfected controls) assessed between 2009 and 2011. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of the sample was 45.1 (9.3) years. The HIV-infected sample had a median interquartile range (IQR) cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-lymphocyte count of 502 (310–727) cells/μL, and 54 % had undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels. Among all, the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of IR ranged from 0.25 to 37.14. In adjusted models, increasing HOMA was significantly associated with reduced performance on Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) attention task (β = −0.10, p < 0.01) and on Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) recognition (β = −0.10, p < 0.01) with weaker but statistically significant associations on phonemic fluency (β = −0.09, p = 0.01). An HIV*HOMA interaction effect was identified on the LNS attention task and Stroop trials 1 and 2, with worse performance in HIV-infected vs. HIV-uninfected women. In separate analyses, cohort members who had diabetes mellitus (DM) performed worse on the grooved pegboard test of psychomotor speed and manual dexterity. These findings confirm associations between both IR and DM on some neuropsychological tests and identify an interaction between HIV status and IR.

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Funding

Dr. Rubin’s efforts are supported by 1 K01-MH098798. Data in this manuscript were collected by the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). WIHS (Principal Investigators): UAB-MS WIHS (Michael Saag, Mirjam-Colette Kempf, and Deborah Konkle-Parker), U01-AI-103401; Atlanta WIHS (Ighovwerha Ofotokun and Gina Wingood), U01-AI-103408; Bronx WIHS (Kathryn Anastos), U01-AI-035004; Brooklyn WIHS (Howard Minkoff and Deborah Gustafson), U01-AI-031834; Chicago WIHS (Mardge Cohen), U01-AI-034993; Metropolitan Washington WIHS (Mary Young), U01-AI-034994; Miami WIHS (Margaret Fischl and Lisa Metsch), U01-AI-103397; UNC WIHS (Adaora Adimora), U01-AI-103390; Connie Wofsy Women’s HIV Study, Northern California (Ruth Greenblatt, Bradley Aouizerat, and Phyllis Tien), U01-AI-034989; WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center (Stephen Gange and Elizabeth Golub), U01-AI-042590; Southern California WIHS (Alexandra Levine and Marek Nowicki), U01-HD-032632 (WIHS I–WIHS IV). The WIHS is funded primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), with additional co-funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH). Targeted supplemental funding for specific projects is also provided by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), and the NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health. WIHS data collection is also supported by UL1-TR000004 (UCSF CTSA) and UL1-TR000454 (Atlanta CTSA).

Conflict of interest

The authors, Victor Valcour M.D., Ph.D., Leah H. Rubin Ph.D., Phyllis Tien M.D., Kathryn Anastos M.D., Mary Young M.D., Wendy Mack Ph.D., Mardge Cohen M.D., Elizabeth T. Golub Ph.D., Howard Crystal M.D., and Pauline M. Maki Ph.D., declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California San Francisco, Suite 190, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA

    Victor Valcour

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Leah H. Rubin & Pauline M. Maki

  3. Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Phyllis Tien

  4. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Kathryn Anastos

  5. Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Mary Young

  6. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Wendy Mack

  7. Department of Medicines, Stroger Hospital and Rush Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mardge Cohen

  8. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Elizabeth T. Golub

  9. Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Howard Crystal

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  1. Victor Valcour
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  2. Leah H. Rubin
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  8. Elizabeth T. Golub
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  9. Howard Crystal
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  10. Pauline M. Maki
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Correspondence to Victor Valcour.

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Valcour, V., Rubin, L.H., Tien, P. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) modulates the associations between insulin resistance and cognition in the current combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era: a study of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). J. Neurovirol. 21, 415–421 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0330-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0330-6

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