Résumé
Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer le risque de disproportion fœtopelvienne au sein d’espèces d’homininés fossiles. L’observation de 92 cas d’accouchements actuels a permis de recueillir les dimensions du bassin maternel, du crâne fœtal et l’issue du travail (physiologique : n = 43, césarienne pour « disproportion fœtopelvienne » : n = 34 ou extraction instrumentale : n = 15). Les données fossiles proviennent d’une recherche bibliographique incluant 12 reconstructions de bassin et six crânes juvéniles. Les dimensions néonatales fossiles ont été estimées par deux approches : 1) à partir des dimensions des crânes juvéniles et de courbes de croissance humaine et de chimpanzé ; 2) en utilisant les capacités crâniennes néonatales estimées par DeSilva et Lesnik (2008). Malgré un taux d’erreur apparente de 35 %, une analyse discriminante linéaire (ADL) permet de reconnaître une zone d’accouchement eutocique, une zone d’accouchement dystocique et une zone intermédiaire où les variables maternofœtales ne permettent pas de déterminer l’issue du travail. Les combinatoires des couples « virtuels » fossiles entre les reconstructions de bassin et les estimations crâniennes fœtales ont été projetées a posteriori sur l’ADL et traduisent le plus souvent un accouchement eutocique. En effet, la probabilité d’appartenance au groupe d’accouchement eutocique des Australopithèques est en moyenne de 0,99 ± 0,01, de 0,76 ± 0,15 pour les Homo erectus s.l. et de 0,86 ± 0,08 pour les Néandertaliens.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the risk of foetal-pelvic disproportion in extinct hominins through a comparison of current obstetrical data with fossil data. For the modern sample, we collected pelvic diameters, foetal cranial diameters and delivery outcomes from 92 obstetrical cases (spontaneous vaginal, N = 43; c-section for foetal-pelvic disproportion, N = 34; operative vaginal, N = 15). For the fossil sample, the diameters of 12 pelvises and 6 juvenile skulls were gathered from the literature. Our estimations of neonatal skull sizes were based on (1) juvenile skull measurements and cranial growth curves and (2) the neonatal brain size estimations of DeSilva and Lesnik (2008). A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed on the obstetrical cases. Despite a 35% misclassification error, the results showed a vaginal delivery range, an obstructed delivery range and an intermediate range where delivery outcomes were unpredictable. The multiple combinations between pelvic reconstructions and neonatal cranial estimations were projected onto the LDA and were mostly within the range of normal labour, with probabilities being within the range of normal labour (eutocia) at 0.99 ± 0.01 for Australopithecines; 0.76 ± 0.15 for Homo erectus s.l.; and 0.86 ± 0.08 for Neandertals.
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Frémondière, P., Marchal, F. L’accouchement de nos ancêtres était-il dystocique ?. Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthropol. 25, 147–168 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13219-012-0072-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13219-012-0072-4