Abstract
Humans are significantly impacting riverine systems worldwide, prompting us to investigate the effects of water pollution on the gut microbiome of Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we compared the gut microbiomes of common carp from two sites along river Yamuna with different pollution levels. Water pollution significantly altered the fish gut microbiome structure and microbial composition. Proteobacteria dominated in both sampling sites, while Bacteroidota prevailed in polluted water samples, indicating sewage and fecal contamination. Less polluted samples exhibited Verrucomicrobiae and Planctomycetes, negatively correlated with pollution levels. The polluted site had higher prevalence of potentially pathogenic and heavy metal-resistant bacteria, as well as microbial communities associated with wastewater treatment systems. Functional prediction highlighted the significant role of the gut microbiome in digestion and metabolism, with active enzymes for breaking down various organic substances. Biosynthetic pathways for leucine, valine, and isoleucine were present in both sites, known to be involved fish immunity. The host maintained a stable and diverse bacterial consortium, while microbial diversity became more specialized due to human activities, adapting to anthropogenic stress and selection pressures.
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Data availability
The raw sequencing read data have been deposited in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under the project Accession Number PRJNA809116.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by funds from the Institute of Eminence (IoE) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms funded project (ICAR-NBAIM) [grant number NBAIM/AMAAS/2017-20/GF/1a/512]. MB and SN thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for providing doctoral fellowships.
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National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, NBAIM/AMAAS/2017-20/GF/1a/512, Ram Krishan Negi
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RKN proposed the idea. MB wrote the manuscript. MB and SN performed the analysis. RKN and SN critically reviewed the manuscript and improved it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Supplementary File S1: Physicochemical properties of water collected from sampling site. Supplementary file1 (XLSX 11 KB)
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Supplementary File S2: Relative abundance of different pathways in gut samples and water samples. Supplementary file2 (XLSX 63 KB)
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Supplementary File S3: Relative abundance of different enzymes in gut samples and water samples. Supplementary file3 (XLSX 260 KB)
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Bharti, M., Nagar, S. & Negi, R.K. Riverine pollution influences the intraspecific variation in the gut microbiome of an invasive fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linn., 1758). 3 Biotech 13, 320 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03747-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03747-0