Abstract
The current work is an extensive review addressing the effects of heavy metals in major pulse crops such as Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Pea (Pisum sativum L.), Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Pulses are important contributors to the global food supply in the world, due to their vast beneficial properties in providing protein, nutritional value and health benefits to the human population. Several studies have reported that heavy metals are injurious to plants causing inhibition in plant germination, a decrease in the root and shoot length, reduction in respiration rate and photosynthesis. Properly disposing of heavy metal wastes has become an increasingly difficult task to solve in developed countries. Heavy metals pose one of the substantial constraints to pulse crops growth and productivity even at low concentrations. This article attempts to present the morphological, biochemical and various physiological changes induced on the pulse crops grown under various heavy metal stress such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Ni.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data presented in Table 3 were collected from FAOSTAT and are available in https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. The schematic diagram, i.e., Fig. 1 is a tiff file which was generated electronically in.emf format via Inkscape software (https://inkscape.org/release/inkscape-1.2.1/) and later converted to .tiff file.
References
Abd El-Hack ME, Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Moneim AEME et al (2019) Putative impacts of phytogenic additives to ameliorate lead toxicity in animal feed. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:23209–23218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05805-8
Adhikary A, Kumar R, Pandir R et al (2019) Pseudomonas citronellolis; a multi-metal resistant and potential plant growth promoter against arsenic (V) stress in chickpea. Plant Physiol Biochem 142:179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.006
Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Myaka FA, Sakala WD et al (2007) Biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in farmer-managed intercrops of maize-pigeonpea in semi-arid southern and eastern Africa. Plant Soil 295:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9270-0
Ahmad MSA, Hussain M, Ijaz S, Alvi AK (2008) Photosynthetic performance of two mung bean (Vigna radiata) cultivars under lead and copper stress. Int J Agric Biol 10:167–172
Ahmad P, Abdel Latef AA, Abd-Allah EF et al (2016) Calcium and potassium supplementation enhanced growth, osmolyte secondary metabolite production, and enzymatic antioxidant machinery in cadmium-exposed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Front Plant Sci 7:513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00513
Ahmed FRS, Alexander IJ, Mwinyihija M, Killham K (2012) Effect of arsenic contaminated irrigation water on Lens culinaris L. and toxicity assessment using lux marked biosensor. J Environ Sci 24:1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60898-X
Ahn BM, Ahn CW, Hahn BD et al (2019) Easy approach to realize low cost and high cell capacity in sodium nickel-iron chloride battery. Compos Part B Eng 168:442–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.064
Akhtar S, Shoaib A, Akhtar N, Mehmood R (2016) Separate and combined effects of Macrophomina phaseolina and copper on growth, physiology and antioxidative enzymes in Vigna mungo L. J Anim Plant Sci 26:1339–1345
Alam MZ, Hoque MA, Ahammed GJ et al (2019) Arsenic accumulation in lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes and risk associated with the consumption of grains. Sci Rep 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45855-z
Alam MZ, Hoque MA, Ahammed GJ, Carpenter-Boggs L (2020) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biochar, selenium, silica gel, and sulfur on arsenic uptake and biomass growth in Pisum sativum L. Emerg Contam 6:312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2020.08.001
AL-Huqail AA, AL-Rashed SA, Ibrahim MM et al (2017) Arsenic induced eco-physiological changes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and protection by gypsum, a source of sulphur and calcium. Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 217:226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.02.007
Ali MA, Asghar HN, Khan MY et al (2015) Alleviation of nickel-induced stress in mungbean through application of gibberellic acid. Int J Agric Biol 17:990–994. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0001
Alsahli AA, Bhat JA, Alyemeni MN et al (2020) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mitigates arsenic (As)-induced toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants by regulating osmoregulation, antioxidant defense system, ascorbate glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system. J Plant Growth Regul 40:2515–2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10254-6
Alvarado S, Maldonado P, Barrios A, Jaques I (2002) Long term energy-related enviromental issues of copper production. Energy 27:183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(01)00067-6
Aly H (2013) Ameliorating role of nitric oxide in germinating mung bean seeds (Vigna Radiata) under lead stress. Catrina Int J Environ Sci 8:75–85. https://doi.org/10.12816/0010677
Anjum NA, Umar S, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2008) Responses of components of antioxidant system in moongbean genotypes to cadmium stress. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39:2469–2483. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802292871
Anwar T, Qureshi H, Fatimah H, Waseem M (2020) Effects of lead on vegetative, propagative and physiochemical parameters of Pisum sativum. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 10:32–37
Arif MS, Yasmeen T, Shahzad SM et al (2019) Lead toxicity induced phytotoxic effects on mung bean can be relegated by lead tolerant Bacillus subtilis (PbRB3). Chemosphere 234:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.024
Arumuganathan K, Earle ED (1991) Nuclear DNA content of some important plant species. Plant Mol Biol Report 9:208–218
As W, Tahir I (2019) Screening of different chickpea varieties for their sensitiveness and tolerance to cadmium and/or salt stress. J Adv Plant Sci 2:1–7
Askari S, Khurshid H (2018) Conocarpus mediated improvement in photosynthetic pigments of Cicer arietinum growing under copper stress. RADS J Biol Res Appl Sci 9:41–49. https://doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v9i1.115
Askari S, Siddiqui A, Kaleem M (2017) Potato peel mediated improvement in organic substances of Vigna mungo growing under copper stress. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 6:1373–1378
Aslam M, Mahmood IA, Peoples MB et al (2003) Contribution of chickpea nitrogen fixation to increased wheat production and soil organic fertility in rain-fed cropping. Biol Fertil Soils 38:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0630-5
Balal RM, Shahid MA, Javaid MM et al (2016) Foliar treatment with Lolium perenne (Poaceae) leaf extract alleviates salinity and nickel-induced growth inhibition in pea. Brazilian J Bot 39:453–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-016-0253-3
Barber RG, Grenier ZA, Burkhead JL (2021) Copper toxicity is not just oxidative damage: zinc systems and insight from wilson disease. Biomedicines 9:316. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030316
Battana S, Ghanta RG (2014) Antioxidative enzyme responses under single and combined effect of water and heavy metal stress in two Pigeon pea cultivars. J Sci Innov Res 3:72–80
Becquer T, Quantin C, Sicot M, Boudot JP (2003) Chromium availability in ultramafic soils from New Caledonia. Sci Total Environ 301:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00298-X
Bekele Tesemma A (2007) Profitable Agroforestry Innovations for Eastern Africa: Experience from 10 agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. In: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Eastern Africa Region.
Bernhoft RA (2013) Cadmium toxicity and treatment. Sci World J 2013:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/394652
Bhagyawant SS, Narvekar DT, Gupta N et al (2019) Variations in the antioxidant and free radical scavenging under induced heavy metal stress expressed as proline content in chickpea. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 25:683–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00667-3
Bhattacharya S, Sarkar ND, Banerjee P et al (2012) Effects of Arsenic toxicity on germination, Seedling growth and Peroxidase activity in Cicer arietinum. Int J Agric Food Sci 2:131–137
Bielicka A, Bojanowska I, Wiśniewski A (2005) Two faces of chromium—Pollutant and bioelement. Polish J Environ Stud 14:5–10
Biradar NV, Sindagi AS, Reddy J, Ingalhalli SS (2012) Bioremediation of Chromium in Pulp and Paper Processing Industrial Effluents by Indigenous Microbes. J Bioremediation Biodegrad. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000171
Bissen M, Frimmel FH (2003) Arsenic—a review. Part I: occurrence, toxicity, speciation. Mobility Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 31:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.200390025
Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Chirumbolo S et al (2018) Effects of arsenic toxicity beyond epigenetic modifications. Environ Geochem Health 40:955–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9967-9
Borah M, Devi A (2012) Effect of Heavy metals on Pisum sativum Linn. Int J Adv Biol Res 2:314–321
Borreani G, Peiretti PG, Tabacco E (2007) Effect of harvest time on yield and pre-harvest quality of semi-leafless grain peas (Pisum sativum L.) as whole-crop forage. F Crop Res 100:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.04.007
Çakir Ö, Uçarli C, Tarhan Ç et al (2019) Nutritional and health benefits of legumes and their distinctive genomic properties. Food Sci Technol 39:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.42117
Çanakci S, Dursun B (2011) Some physiological and biochemical responses to nickel in salicylic acid applied chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings. Acta Biol Hung 62:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.62.2011.3.7
Cempel M, Nikel G (2006) Nickel: a review of its sources and environmental toxicology. Polish J Environ Stud 15:375–382
Chahota RK, Sharma TR, Sharma SK (2018) Conventional genetic manipulations. Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam
Chandrakar V, Yadu B, Korram J et al (2020) Carbon dot induces tolerance to arsenic by regulating arsenic uptake, reactive oxygen species detoxification and defense-related gene expression in Cicer arietinum L. Plant Physiol Biochem 156:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.003
Chaoui A, El Ferjani E (2005) Effects of cadmium and copper on antioxidant capacities, lignification and auxin degradation in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Comptes Rendus Biol 328:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2004.10.001
Chaoui A, El Ferjani E (2014) Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage is reduced by β-estradiol application in lentil seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 74:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9891-2
Chaoui A, Jarrar B, El Ferjani E (2004) Effects of cadmium and copper on peroxidase, NADH oxidase and IAA oxidase activities in cell wall, soluble and microsomal membrane fractions of pea roots. J Plant Physiol 161:1225–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.02.002
Chaturvedi R, Favas PJC, Pratas J et al (2021) Harnessing Pisum sativum–Glomus mosseae symbiosis for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Int J Phytoremediation 23:279–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2020.1812507
Chen C, Huang D, Liu J (2009) Functions and toxicity of nickel in plants: Recent advances and future prospects. Clean - Soil, Air, Water 37:304–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800199
Cheng H, Hu Y (2010) Lead (Pb) isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China: a review. Environ Pollut 158:1134–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.028
Cheng H, Zhou T, Li Q et al (2014) Anthropogenic chromium emissions in China from 1990 to 2009. PLoS ONE 9:e87753. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087753
Choudhury PR, Tanveer H, Dixit GP (2007) Identification and detection of genetic relatedness among important varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown in India. Genetica 130:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-006-9005-9
Cokkizgin A, Cokkizgin H (2010) Effects of lead (PbCl2) stress on germination of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) lines. African J Biotechnol 9:8608–8612. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v9i50
Cox P (2014) Food for drought. Appropr Technol 41:23–24
Dahl WJ, Foster LM, Tyler RT (2012) Review of the health benefits of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Br J Nutr 108:S3–S10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000852
Dalvi AA, Bhalerao SA (2013) Response of plants towards heavy metal toxicity: an overview of avoidance, tolerance and uptake mechanism. Ann Plant Sci 2:362–368
Das KK, Das SN, Dhundasi SA (2008) Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress. Indian J Med Res 128:412–425
Das KK, Reddy RC, Bagoji IB et al (2018) Primary concept of nickel toxicity—an overview. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 30:141–152
Dȩbski B, Zalewski W, Gralak MA, Kosla T (2004) Chromium-yeast supplementation of chicken broilers in an industrial farming system. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18:47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.02.003
Delfin EF, Paterno ES, Torres FG, Santos PJA (2008) Biomass, nitrogen uptake and fixed nitrogen partitioning in field grown mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. Philipp J Crop Sci 33:24–33
Devi R, Munjral N, Gupta AK, Kaur N (2013) Effect of exogenous lead on growth and carbon metabolism of pea (Pisum sativum L) seedlings. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 19:81–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-012-0143-5
Dhankher OP, Pilon-Smits EAH, Meagher RB, Doty S (2012) Biotechnological approaches for phytoremediation
Dho S, Camusso W, Mucciarelli M, Fusconi A (2010) Arsenate toxicity on the apices of Pisum sativum L. seedling roots: effects on mitotic activity, chromatin integrity and microtubules. Environ Exp Bot 69:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.02.010
Dias LE, Melo RF, de Mello JWV et al (2010) Growth of seedlings of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (l.) millsp), wand riverhemp (Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers.), and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) in an arsenic-contaminated soil. Rev Bras Cienc Do Solo 34:975–983. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000300039
Dias MC, Mariz-Ponte N, Santos C (2019) Lead induces oxidative stress in Pisum sativum plants and changes the levels of phytohormones with antioxidant role. Plant Physiol Biochem 137:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.005
Diwan H, Khan I, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2010) Induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant defence system in Brassica juncea and Vigna radiata in response to chromium treatments. Plant Growth Regul 61:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-010-9454-0
Dixit V, Pandey V, Shyam R (2001) Differential antioxidative responses to cadmium in roots and leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad). J Exp Bot 52:1101–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1101
Dotaniya ML, Meena VD, Das H (2014) Chromium toxicity on seed germination, root elongation and coleoptile growth of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Legum Res 37:227–229. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0571.37.2.034
Dubey S, Shri M, Misra P et al (2014) Heavy metals induce oxidative stress and genome-wide modulation in transcriptome of rice root. Funct Integr Genomics 14:401–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-014-0361-8
Dutta P, Karmakar A, Majumdar S, Roy S (2018) Klebsiella pneumoniae (HR1) assisted alleviation of Cd(II) toxicity in Vigna mungo: a case study of biosorption of heavy metal by an endophytic bacterium coupled with plant growth promotion. Euro-Mediterranean J Environ Integr 3:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-018-0069-6
Edelstein M, Ben-Hur M (2018) Heavy metals and metalloids: Sources, risks and strategies to reduce their accumulation in horticultural crops. Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 234:431–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.039
El-Amier Y, Elhindi K, El-Hendawy S et al (2019) Antioxidant system and biomolecules alteration in Pisum sativum under heavy metal stress and possible alleviation by 5-aminolevulinic acid. Molecules 24:4194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224194
Erskine W, Sarker A, Kumar S (2016) Lentil: breeding, 2nd edn. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam
FAOSTAT (2022). https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. Accessed 11 Jun 2022
Fariduddin Q, Khan TA, Yusuf M (2014) Hydrogen peroxide mediated tolerance to copper stress in the presence of 28-homobrassinolide in Vigna radiata. Acta Physiol Plant 36:2767–2778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1647-0
Farooq M, Hussain M, Usman M et al (2018) Impact of abiotic stresses on grain composition and quality in food legumes. J Agric Food Chem 66:8887–8897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02924
Fatima H, Ahmed A (2018) Micro-remediation of chromium contaminated soils. PeerJ 6:e6076. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6076
Feizi H, Agheli N, Sahabi H (2020) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles alleviate cadmium toxicity in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) seeds. Acta Agric Slov 116:59–68. https://doi.org/10.14720/AAS.2020.116.1.1116
Focardi S, Pepi M, Focardi ES (2013) Microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium as a mechanism of detoxification and possible bioremediation applications. Biodegradation—life of Science. InTech, New York, pp 321–347
Freeman MH, McIntyre CR (2008) A comprehensive review of copper-based wood preservatives with a focus on new micronized or dispersed copper systems. For Prod J 58:6–27
Fuller DQ, Harvey EL (2006) The archaeobotany of Indian pulses: identification, processing and evidence for cultivation. Environ Archaeol 11:219–246. https://doi.org/10.1179/174963106x123232
Fuller D, Korisettar R, Venkatasubbaiah PC, Jones MK (2004) Early plant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeobotanical results. Veg Hist Archaeobot 13:115–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0036-9
Fuller DQ, Murphy C, Kingwell-Banham E et al (2019) Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. origins and domestication: the South and Southeast Asian archaeobotanical evidence. Genet Resour Crop Evol 66:1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00774-w
Gajewska E, Skłodowska M (2005) Antioxidative responses and proline level in leaves and roots of pea plants subjected to nickel stress. Acta Physiol Plant 27:329–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-005-0009-3
Gandhi N, Sridhar J, Pallavi A et al (2020) Germination, growth, physiological and biochemical response of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) under varying concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and barium (Ba). Int J Res Rev 7:321–347
Gangwar S, Singh VP (2011) Indole acetic acid differently changes growth and nitrogen metabolism in Pisum sativum L. seedlings under chromium (VI) phytotoxicity: implication of oxidative stress. Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 129:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.026
Garelick H, Jones H, Dybowska A, Valsami-jones E (2008) Arsenic pollution sources. Rev Environ Contam 197:17–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79284-2
Garg N, Aggarwal N (2011) Effects of interactions between cadmium and lead on growth, nitrogen fixation, phytochelatin, and glutathione production in mycorrhizal Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. J Plant Growth Regul 30:286–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-010-9191-7
Garg N, Aggarwal N (2012) Effect of mycorrhizal inoculations on heavy metal uptake and stress alleviation of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes grown in cadmium and lead contaminated soils. Plant Growth Regul 66:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-011-9624-8
Garg N, Kashyap L (2017) Silicon and Rhizophagus irregularis: potential candidates for ameliorating negative impacts of arsenate and arsenite stress on growth, nutrient acquisition and productivity in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:18520–18535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9463-x
Garg N, Kashyap L (2019) Joint effects of Si and mycorrhiza on the antioxidant metabolism of two pigeonpea genotypes under As (III) and (V) stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:7821–7839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04256-5
Garg N, Saroy K (2020) Interactive effects of polyamines and arbuscular mycorrhiza in modulating plant biomass, N2 fixation, ureide, and trehalose metabolism in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes under nickel stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:3043–3064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07300-6
Garg N, Singh S (2018) Mycorrhizal inoculations and silicon fortifications improve rhizobial symbiosis, antioxidant defense, trehalose turnover in pigeon pea genotypes under cadmium and zinc stress. Plant Growth Regul 86:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0414-4
Garg N, Singla P, Bhandari P (2015) Metal uptake, oxidative metabolism, and mycorrhization in pigeonpea and pea under arsenic and cadmium stress. Turkish J Agric for 39:234–250. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1406-121
Gaur P, Tripathi S, Gowda C, et al (2010) Chickpea Seed Production Manual
Gautam V, Sharma P, Bakshi P et al (2020) Effect of Rhododendron arboreum leaf extract on the antioxidant defense system against chromium (VI) stress in Vigna radiata Plants. Plants 9:164
Genchi G, Carocci A, Lauria G, Sinicropi MS (2020a) Nickel: human health and environmental toxicology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:679
Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G et al (2020b) The effects of cadmium toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:3728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782
Ghafoor A, Ahmad Z, Qureshi AS, Bashir M (2002) Genetic relationship in Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper and V. radiata (L.) R. Wilczek based on morphological traits and SDS-PAGE. Euphytica 123:367–378. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015092502466
Ghani A (2010) Effect of cadmium toxicity on the growth and yield components of mungbean [Vigna radiata ( L.) Wilczek ]. Appl Sci 8:26–29
Ghori NH, Ghori T, Hayat MQ et al (2019) Heavy metal stress and responses in plants. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:1807–1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02215-8
Godt J, Scheidig F, Grosse-Siestrup C et al (2006) The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 1:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-1-22
Gollner G, Starz W, Friedel JK (2019) Crop performance, biological N fixation and pre-crop effect of pea ideotypes in an organic farming system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosystems 115:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-10021-4
Gopalakrishnan Nair PM, Kim SH, Chung IM (2014) Copper oxide nanoparticle toxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings: physiological and molecular level responses of in vitro grown plants. Acta Physiol Plant 36:2947–2958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1667-9
Greilhuber J, Obermayer R (1998) Genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae): a reconsideration. Plant Syst Evol 212:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985225
Gupta DK, Tohoyama H, Joho M, Inouhe M (2004) Changes in the levels of phytochelatins and related metal-binding peptides in chickpea seedlings exposed to arsenic and different heavy metal ions. J Plant Res 117:253–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-004-0152-8
Gurpreet S, Rajneesh KA, Rajendra SR, Mushtaq A (2012) Effect of lead and nickel toxicity on chlorophyll and proline content of Urd (Vigna mungo L.) seedlings. Int J Plant Physiol Biochem 4:136–141. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijppb12.005
Haider S, Azmat R (2012) Failure of survival strategies in adaption of heavy metal environment in Lens culinaris and Phaseolus mungo. Pakistan J Bot 44:1959–1964
Haque S, Akter N, Khan M et al (2015) Yield potential of garden pea varieties at varied harvesting dates. Bangladesh Agron J 17:21–28. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v17i2.24648
Hasan SA, Hayat S, Ali B, Ahmad A (2008) 28-Homobrassinolide protects chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from cadmium toxicity by stimulating antioxidants. Environ Pollut 151:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.03.006
Hassan M, Mansoor S (2014) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism in mung bean seedlings after lead and cadmium treatments. Turkish J Agric for 38:55–61. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1212-4
Hassan M, Mansoor S (2017) Priming seeds with phytohormones alleviates cadmium toxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) seedlings. Pakistan J Bot 49:2071–2078
Hattab S, Dridi B, Chouba L et al (2009) Photosynthesis and growth responses of pea Pisum sativum L. under heavy metals stress. J Environ Sci 21:1552–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62454-7
Hayat R, Ali S, Siddique MT, Chatha TH (2008) Biological nitrogen fixation of summer legumes and their residual effects on subsequent rainfed wheat yield. Pakistan J Bot 40:711–722
Hossain MF (2006) Arsenic contamination in Bangladesh—an overview. Agric Ecosyst Environ 113:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.034
Hossain MS, Abdelrahman M, Tran CD et al (2020) Insights into acetate-mediated copper homeostasis and antioxidant defense in lentil under excessive copper stress. Environ Pollut 258:113544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113544
Hou A, Zhang R, Wilson VL, Meng G (2015) Source of lead pollution, its influence on public health and the countermeasures. Anim Sci Food Saf 2:18–31
Hussain M, Aqeel Ahmad MS, Kausar A (2006) Effect of lead and chromium on growth, photosynthetic pigments and yield components in mash bean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Pakistan J Bot 38:1389–1396
Hussain M, Yasin G, Ali A, Ahmed R (2007) Amelioration of toxic effects of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in four black gram (Vigna mungo L.) Hepper cultivars with the application of kinetin. Pakistan J Agric Sci 44:251–258
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2012) Agents classified by the IARC monographs. Igarss 2014 1–105:1–5
Iruela M, Rubio J, Cubero JI et al (2002) Phylogenetic analysis in the genus Cicer and cultivated chickpea using RAPD and ISSR markers. Theor Appl Genet 104:643–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220100751
Isemura T, Kaga A, Tabata S et al (2012) Construction of a genetic linkage map and genetic analysis of domestication related traits in Mungbean (Vigna radiata). PLoS ONE 7:e41304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041304
Islam F, Yasmeen T, Ali Q et al (2016) Copper-resistant bacteria reduces oxidative stress and uptake of copper in lentil plants: potential for bacterial bioremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:220–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5354-1
Ismail GSM (2012) Protective role of nitric oxide against arsenic-induced damages in germinating mung bean seeds. Acta Physiol Plant 34:1303–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-0927-9
Iyaka YA (2011) Nickel in soils: a review of its distribution and impacts. Sci Res Essays 6:6774–6777. https://doi.org/10.5897/SREX11.035
Jabeen N, Abbas Z, Iqbal M et al (2016) Glycinebetaine mediates chromium tolerance in mung bean through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant system. Arch Agron Soil Sci 62:648–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2015.1082032
Jalmi SK, Bhagat PK, Verma D et al (2018) Traversing the links between heavy metal stress and plant signaling. Front Plant Sci 9:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00012
Jamil M, Zeb S, Anees M et al (2014) Role of Bacillus licheniformis in phytoremediation of nickel contaminated soil cultivated with rice. Int J Phytoremediation 16:554–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2013.798621
Janas KM, Zielińska-Tomaszewska J, Rybaczek D et al (2010) The impact of copper ions on growth, lipid peroxidation, and phenolic compound accumulation and localization in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) seedlings. J Plant Physiol 167:270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2009.09.016
Janzen JP, Brester GW, Smith VH, et al (2014) Dry peas: trends in production, trade, and price. Agric Mark Policy Cent
Jha R, Patel I, Panigrahi J (2021) Morphological and biochemical facets of arsenic toxicity on Vigna mungo L morphological Vigna mungo L and biochemical of arsenic. Indian J Nat Sci 12:31997–32008
Johnson N, Johnson CR, Thavarajah P et al (2020) The roles and potential of lentil prebiotic carbohydrates in human and plant health. Plants People Planet 2:310–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10103
Joyner JJ, Yadav BK (2015) Microwave assisted dehulling of black gram (Vigna mungo L). J Food Sci Technol 52:2003–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1182-9
Kaewwongwal A, Kongjaimun A, Somta P et al (2015) Genetic diversity of the black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] gene pool as revealed by SSR markers. Breed Sci 65:127–137. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.65.127
Karrari P, Mehrpour O, Abdollahi M (2012) A systematic review on status of lead pollution and toxicity in Iran; guidance for preventive measures. DARU J Pharm Sci 20:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1560-8115-20-2
Karuppanapandian T, Manoharan K (2008) Uptake and translocation of tri- and hexa-valent chromium and their effects on black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper cv. Co4) roots. J Plant Biol 51:192–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030698
Khan MR, Khan MM (2010) Effect of varying concentration of Nickel and Cobalt on the plant growth and yield of Chickpea. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 4:1036–1046
Khwaza G, Verma Y (2015) Effect of lead and cadmium stress on biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in germinated seedlings of Cicer arietinum L. Plant Arch 15:717–721
Kishor R, Sharma V, Saini HK (2020) Variability studies for yield and its component traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus spp. Culinaris) under Bundelkhand region. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 9:1436–1441
Koul PM, Sharma V, Rana M et al (2017) Analysis of genetic structure and interrelationships in lentil species using morphological and SSR markers. 3 Biotech 7:83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0683-z
Kozlov K, Singh A, Berger J et al (2019) Non-linear regression models for time to flowering in wild chickpea combine genetic and climatic factors. BMC Plant Biol 19:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1685-2
Kuehne S, Roßberg D, Röhrig P et al (2017) The use of copper pesticides in Germany and the search for minimization and replacement strategies. Org Farming 3:66–75. https://doi.org/10.12924/of2017.03010066
Kumar K, Goh KM (2000) Biological nitrogen fixation, accumulation of soil nitrogen and nitrogen balance for white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown for seed. F Crop Res 68:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00109-X
Kumari A, Sheokand S, Swaraj K (2010) Nitric oxide induced alleviation of toxic effects of short term and long term Cd stress on growth, oxidative metabolism and Cd accumulation in chickpea. Brazilian J Plant Physiol 22:271–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202010000400007
Lambrides CJ, Godwin ID (2007) Mungbean. In pulses, sugar and tuber crops. Genome Mapp Mol Breed Plants 3:69–90
Lamichhane JR, Osdaghi E, Behlau F et al (2018) Thirteen decades of antimicrobial copper compounds applied in agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 38:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0503-9
Li X, Bu N, Li Y et al (2012) Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of endophyte infected and non-infected rice under lead stress conditions. J Hazard Mater 213–214:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.052
Liu L, Cui WM, Zhang SW et al (2015) Effect of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) from high chromium yeast on glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RSC Adv 5:3482–3490. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10343b
Liu Q, Luo L, Wang X et al (2017) Comprehensive analysis of rice laccase gene (OsLAC) family and ectopic expression of OsLAC10 enhances tolerance to copper stress in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 18:209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020209
López-Bellido RJ, López-Bellido L, Benítez-Vega J et al (2011) Chickpea and faba bean nitrogen fixation in a Mediterranean rainfed Vertisol: effect of the tillage system. Eur J Agron 34:222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.01.005
Madhava Rao KV, Sresty TVS (2000) Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci 157:113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00273-9
Mahmood S, Ishtiaq S, Yasin G, Irshad A (2016) Dose dependent rhizospheric Ni toxicity evaluation: membrane stability and antioxidant potential of Vigna species. Chil J Agric Res 76:378–384. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392016000300017
Małecka A, Piechalak A, Morkunas I, Tomaszewska B (2008) Accumulation of lead in root cells of Pisum sativum. Acta Physiol Plant 30:629–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0159-1
Malecka A, Piechalak A, Mensinger A et al (2012) Antioxidative defense system in Pisum sativum roots exposed to heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn). Polish J Environ Stud 21:1721–1730
Malik JA, Goel S, Sandhir R, Nayyar H (2011) Uptake and distribution of arsenic in chickpea: effects on seed yield and seed composition. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 42:1728–1738. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.584593
Mandal BK, Suzuki KT (2002) Arsenic round the world: a review. Talanta 58:201–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)70013-0
Maneepun S (2003) Traditional processing and utilization of legumes
Manivasagaperumal R, Vijayarengan P, Balamurugan S, Thiyagarajan G (2011) Effect of copper on growth, dry matter yield and nutrient content of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. J Phytol 3:53–62
Mao F, Nan G, Cao M et al (2018) The metal distribution and the change of physiological and biochemical process in soybean and mung bean plants under heavy metal stress. Int J Phytoremediation 20:1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1365346
Mathers JC (2002) Pulses and carcinogenesis: potential for the prevention of colon, breast and other cancers. Br J Nutr 88:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002717
Medda S, Mondal NK (2017) Chromium toxicity and ultrastructural deformation of Cicer arietinum with special reference of root elongation and coleoptile growth. Ann Agrar Sci 15:396–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2017.05.022
Mehandi S, MohdQuatadah S, Prasad Mishra S et al (2019) Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek): retrospect and Prospects. Legum Crop Charact Breed Improv Food Secur. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85657
Mehta R, Templeton DM, O’Brien PJ (2006) Mitochondrial involvement in genetically determined transition metal toxicity. II Copper Toxicity Chem Biol Interact 163:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2006.05.011
Melamed D (2005) Monitoring arsenic in the environment: a review of science and technologies with the potential for field measurements. Anal Chim Acta 532:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.047
MeysamHoseini S, Zargari F (2013) Cadmium in plants: a review. Int J Farming Allied Sci 2:579–581
Mishra S, Bharagava RN, More N et al (2019) Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. Environ Biotechnol Sustain Futur. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7284-0_5
Mitra S, Paul D (2020) Iron plaque formation on roots and phosphate mediated alleviation of toxic effects in Lens culinaris Medik. induced by arsenic. South African J Bot 131:267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.024
Mlyneková Z, Chrenková M, Formelová Z (2014) Cereals and legumes in nutrition of people with celiac disease. Int J Celiac Dis 2:105–109. https://doi.org/10.12691/ijcd-2-3-3
Mohaparta M, Mohanta D, Behera SS et al (2018) Ecophysiological studies of lead stress on Vigna mungo L. Seedlings. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol 6:227–231. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v6i3.20595
Molina AS, Nievas C, Chaca MVP et al (2008) Cadmium-induced oxidative damage and antioxidative defense mechanisms in Vigna mungo L. Plant Growth Regul 56:285–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-008-9308-1
Mondal NK, Das C, Roy S, Datta JK (2013) Effect of varying cadmium stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) seedlings: an ultrastructural study. Ann Environ Sci 7:59–70
Morin G, Calas G (2006) Arsenic in soils, mine tailings, and former industrial sites. Elements 2:97–101. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.2.2.97
Morrow H (2010) Cadmium and cadmium alloys. Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.0301041303011818.a01.pub3
Muehlbauer FJ, Sarker A (2017) Economic importance of chickpea: production, value, and world trade. In: Cogent Food & Agriculture. pp 5–12
Murtaza S, Parveen N, Murtaza S et al (2017) Effects of chromium on seed germination, growth and yield of pink lentil. Biosci Res 14:1246–1252
Murugan AK, Sundaramoorthy P, Ganesh KS (2018) Effect of chromium on growth and yield of Vigna mungo (L.). J Plant Stress Physiol 4:17–21. https://doi.org/10.25081/jpsp.2018.v4.3484
Nafisa SA, Javaid A (2013) Growth of Pisum sativum under single or combined action of Sclerotium rolfsii and copper [Cu(II)]. Int J Agric Biol 15:1363–1366
Nair PMG, Chung IM (2015) Changes in the growth, redox status and expression of oxidative stress related genes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to copper oxide nanoparticle exposure. J Plant Growth Regul 34:350–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-014-9468-3
Nautiyal N, Sinha P (2012) Lead induced antioxidant defense system in pigeon pea and its impact on yield and quality of seeds. Acta Physiol Plant 34:977–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0894-6
Naz H, Naz A, Ashraf S (2015) Impact of heavy metal toxicity to plant growth and nodulation in chickpea grown under heavy metal stress. Int J Res Emerg Sci Technol 2:248–260
Naz H, Naz A, Ashraf S, Khan HH (2018) Effect of heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn) on nitrogen content, chlorophyll, leghaemoglobin and seed yield in chickpea plants in Aligarh City, U.P., India. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2018:4387–4399
Nikalje GC, Suprasanna P (2018) Coping with metal toxicity—cues from halophytes. Front Plant Sci 9:777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00777
Okon E, Udo OO, Archibong IA, Victor IA (2020) Phytomechanistic processess in environmental clean-up: a biochemical perspective. Int J Res Innov Appl Sci V:213–222
Oves M, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2013) Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting novel strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa OSG41 enhance chickpea growth in chromium amended soils. Eur J Soil Biol 56:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.02.002
Owlad M, Aroua MK, Daud WAW, Baroutian S (2009) Removal of hexavalent chromium-contaminated water and wastewater: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 200:59–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9893-7
Päivöke AEA, Simola LK (2001) Arsenate toxicity to Pisum sativum: Mineral nutrients, chlorophyll content, and phytase activity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2001.2044
Panda SK, Choudhury S (2005) Chromium stress in plants. Brazilian J Plant Physiol 17:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202005000100008
Panda SK, Patra HK (2000) Does chromium(III) produce oxidative damage in excised wheat leaves? J Plant Biol 27:105–110
Pandey S (2008) Germination and seedling growth of field pea Pisum sativum Malviya Matar-15 (HUDP-15) and Pusa Prabhat (DDR-23) under varying level of copper and chromium. J Am Sci 4:33–47
Pandey N, Bhatt R (2016) Role of soil associated Exiguobacterium in reducing arsenic toxicity and promoting plant growth in Vigna radiata. Eur J Soil Biol 75:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.05.007
Pandey V, Dixit V, Shyam R (2009) Chromium effect on ROS generation and detoxification in pea (Pisum sativum) leaf chloroplasts. Protoplasma 236:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-009-0061-8
Park SJ, Kim T, Baik BK (2010) Relationship between proportion and composition of albumins, and in vitro protein digestibility of raw and cooked pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.). J Sci Food Agric 90:1719–1725. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4007
Patnaik A, Mohanty BK (2013) Toxic effect of mercury and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Cajanus cajan L (Pigeon Pea). Ann Biol Res 4:123–126
Peer WA, Baxter IR, Richards EL et al (2005) Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants. In: Tamas MJ, Martinoia E (eds) Molecular biology of metal homeostasis and detoxification. Springer, Berlin, pp 299–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/4735_100
Rahman MF, Ghosal A, Alam MF, Kabir AH (2017) Remediation of cadmium toxicity in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) through exogenous silicon. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 135:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.019
Raizada A, Souframanien J (2019) Transcriptome sequencing, de novo assembly, characterisation of wild accession of blackgram (Vigna mungo var. silvestris) as a rich resource for development of molecular markers and validation of SNPs by high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. BMC Plant Biol 19:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1954-0
Ramesh Kumar K, Anbazhagan V (2018) Analysis and assessment of heavy metals in soils around the industrial areas in Mettur, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6899-5
Reddy AM, Kumar SG, Jyothsnakumari G et al (2005) Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and bengalgram (Cicer arietinum L.). Chemosphere 60:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.092
Rehman M, Liu L, Wang Q et al (2019) Copper environmental toxicology, recent advances, and future outlook: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:18003–18016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05073-6
Rizwan M, Imtiaz M, Dai Z et al (2017) Nickel stressed responses of rice in Ni subcellular distribution, antioxidant production, and osmolyte accumulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:20587–20598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9665-2
Rizwan M, Mostofa MG, Ahmad MZ et al (2019) Hydrogen sulfide enhances rice tolerance to nickel through the prevention of chloroplast damage and the improvement of nitrogen metabolism under excessive nickel. Plant Physiol Biochem 138:100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.023
Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Aparicio-Chacón MV, Palma JM, Corpas FJ (2019) Arsenate disrupts ion balance, sulfur and nitric oxide metabolisms in roots and leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Environ Exp Bot 161:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.028
Rubeena FR, Taylor PWJ (2003) Construction of an intraspecific linkage map of lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris). Theor Appl Genet 107:910–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1326-9
Saad R, Kobaissi A, Robin C et al (2016) Nitrogen fixation and growth of Lens culinaris as affected by nickel availability: a pre-requisite for optimization of agromining. Environ Exp Bot 131:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2016.06.010
Saif S, Khan MS (2018) Assessment of toxic impact of metals on proline, antioxidant enzymes, and biological characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated Cicer arietinum grown in chromium and nickel-stressed sandy clay loam soils. Environ Monit Assess 190:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6652-0
Sakouhi L, Rahoui S, Ben Massoud M et al (2016) Calcium and EGTA alleviate cadmium toxicity in germinating chickpea seeds. J Plant Growth Regul 35:1064–1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-016-9605-2
Saleh AAH (2007) Influence of UVA+B radiation and heavy metals on growth, some metabolic activities and antioxidant system in pea (Pisum sativum) plant. Am J Plant Physiol 2:139–154. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpp.2007.139.154
Sameer Kumar CV, Satheesh Naik SJ, Mohan N et al (2017) Botanical Description of Pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L) Millsp.]. The Pigeonpea Genome Springer, C. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63797-6_3
Sarker A, Erskine W, Bakr MA et al (2004) Lentil improvement in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Assoc Agric Res Instit 1:1–38
Saroy K, Garg N (2021) Relative effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza and polyamines in modulating ROS generation and ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Cajanus cajan under nickel stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:48872–48889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13878-7
Saxena KB, Kumar RV, Rao PV (2002) Pigeonpea nutrition and its improvement. J Crop Prod 5:227–260. https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v05n01_10
Sayğılı H, Sayğılı GA (2019) Optimized preparation for bimodal porous carbon from lentil processing waste by microwave-assisted K2CO3 activation: Spectroscopic characterization and dye decolorization activity. J Clean Prod 226:968–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.121
Schmidtke K, Neumann A, Hof C, Rauber R (2004) Soil and atmospheric nitrogen uptake by lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. nudum L.) as monocrops and intercrops. F Crop Res 87:245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.006
Schwember AR, Schulze J, del Pozo A, Cabeza RA (2019) Regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules. Plants 8:333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090333
Shabnam N, Kim M, Kim H (2019) Iron (III) oxide nanoparticles alleviate arsenic induced stunting in Vigna radiata. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 183:109496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109496
Shah Z, Shah SH, Peoples MB et al (2003) Crop residue and fertiliser N effects on nitrogen fixation and yields of legume-cereal rotations and soil organic fertility. F Crop Res 83:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00005-4
Shahid MA, Balal RM, Pervez MA et al (2014) Exogenous proline and proline-enriched Lolium perenne leaf extract protects against phytotoxic effects of nickel and salinity in Pisum sativum by altering polyamine metabolism in leaves. Turk J Botany 38:914–926. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1312-13
Shahid M, Ahmed B, Zaidi A, Khan MS (2018) Toxicity of fungicides to: Pisum sativum: a study of oxidative damage, growth suppression, cellular death and morpho-anatomical changes. RSC Adv 8:38483–38498. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03923b
Shamshad S, Shahid M, Rafiq M et al (2018) Effect of organic amendments on cadmium stress to pea: a multivariate comparison of germinating vs young seedlings and younger vs older leaves. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 151:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.002
Shanker A, Djanaguiraman M, Sudhagar R et al (2004) Differential antioxidative response of ascorbate glutathione pathway enzymes and metabolites to chromium speciation stress in green gram ((L.) R.Wilczek. cv CO 4) roots. Plant Sci 166:1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.12.015
Shanker A, Cervantes C, Lozatavera H, Avudainayagam S (2005) Chromium toxicity in plants. Environ Int 31:739–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003
Sharama A, Singh G (2013) Studies on the effect of Cu (II) ions on the antioxidant enzymes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. J Stress Physiol Biochem 9:5–13
Sharma I (2013) Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system of Pisum sativum and Pennisetum typhoides: a comparative study. Res J Biotechnol 8:48–56
Sharma KK, Sreelatha G, Saxena KB, Rao DM (2008) Pigeonpea. Compendium of transgenic crop plants: transgenic legume grains and forages. Blackwell Publishing, Oxfordshire, pp 133–162
Sharma H, Rawal N, Mathew BB (2015) The characteristics, toxicity and effects of cadmium. Int J Nanotechnol Nanosci 3:1–9
Sharma P, Sirhindi G, Kaur H, Singh AK (2017a) Methyl jasmonate regulated antioxidants and oxidative stress management in Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp. under copper stress condition. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng 6:184–192
Sharma P, Sirhindi G, Singh AK et al (2017b) Consequences of copper treatment on pigeon pea photosynthesis, osmolytes and antioxidants defense. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23:809–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0461-8
Sharma S, Paul PJ, Kumar CVS et al (2019) Evaluation and identification of promising introgression lines derived from wild cajanus species for broadening the genetic base of cultivated pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Front Plant Sci 10:1269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01269
Sharma A, Kapoor D, Wang J et al (2020a) Chromium bioaccumulation and its impacts on plants: an overview. Plants 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010100
Sharma RK, Barot K, Archana G (2020b) Root colonization by heavy metal resistant Enterobacter and its influence on metal induced oxidative stress on Cajanus cajan. J Sci Food Agric 100:1532–1540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10161
Sharma P, Gautam A, Kumar V et al (2021) Naringenin reduces Cd-induced toxicity in Vigna radiata (mungbean). Plant Stress 1:100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2021.100005
Shinde YH, Amogha V, Pandit AB, Joshi JB (2017) Kinetics of cooking of unsoaked and presoaked split peas (Cajanus cajan). J Food Process Eng 40:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12527
Shrivastava AK (2009) A review on copper pollution.pdf. Indian J Environ Prot 29:552–560
Shrivastava R, Upreti RK, Seth PK, Chaturvedi UC (2002) Effects of chromium on the immune system. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 34:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00345-0
Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A (2013) History of tofu and tofu products (965 CE to 2013): extensively annotated bibliography and sourcebook
Sidhimol PD, Anitha CT, Sabeena PM (2011) Amelioration of toxic effects of lead in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek with the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 10:505–510
Singh RJ, Jauhar PP (2006) Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement. CRC Press, New York
Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK, Arora K (2007) Arsenic-induced root growth inhibition in mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) is due to oxidative stress resulting from enhanced lipid peroxidation. Plant Growth Regul 53:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-007-9205-z
Singh V, Bhatt I, Aggarwal A et al (2010) Proline improves copper tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Protoplasma 245:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0178-9
Singh H, Singh NB, Singh A et al (2017) Oxidative stress induced by lead in Vigna radiata L. seedling attenuated by exogenous nitric oxide. Trop Plant Res 4:225–234. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2017.v4.i2.031
Singh D, Sharma NL, Singh CK et al (2020) Effect of chromium (VI) toxicity on morpho-physiological characteristics, yield, and yield components of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties. PLoS ONE 15:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243032
Smýkal P, Aubert G, Burstin J et al (2012) Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the Genomic Era. Agronomy 2:74–115. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy2020074
Solh M, Van Ginkel M (2014) Drought preparedness and drought mitigation in the developing world’s drylands. Weather Clim Extrem 3:62–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.03.003
Srinivasan P, Rathika R, Sengottaiyan A et al (2015) The Effects of Nickel sulphate (NiSO4) on growth and antioxidant enzyme activities in green gram plant (Vigna radiata L.). Int J Adv Interdiscip Res 2:1–9
Srivastava S, Sharma YK (2013) Impact of arsenic toxicity on black gram and its amelioration using phosphate. ISRN Toxicol 2013:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/340925
Srivastava G, Kumar S, Dubey G et al (2012) Nickel and ultraviolet-B stresses induce differential growth and photosynthetic responses in Pisum sativum L. seedlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 149:86–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9406-9
Steinhorst L, Kudla J (2014) Signaling in cells and organisms—calcium holds the line. Curr Opin Plant Biol 22:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.003
Stern BR, Solioz M, Krewski D et al (2007) Copper and human health: Biochemistry, genetics, and strategies for modeling dose-response relationships. J Toxicol Environ Heal—Part B Crit Rev 10:157–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400600755911
Suhani I, Sahab S, Srivastava V, Singh RP (2021) Impact of cadmium pollution on food safety and human health. Curr Opin Toxicol 27:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2021.04.004
Swarnakar A (2020) Phytotoxicity of arsenite on early seedling growth of mung bean: a threat to potential pulse cultivation. Adv Zool Bot 8:69–73. https://doi.org/10.13189/azb.2020.080206
Talukdar D (2012) Exogenous calcium alleviates the impact of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Lens culinaris medic. Seedlings through modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 15:325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-012-0065-3
Tomooka N, Vaughan DA, Kaga A (2005) Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Genet Resour Chromosom Eng Crop Improv Grain Legum 325–345
Tripathi DK, Singh VP, Prasad SM et al (2015a) Silicon nanoparticles (SiNp) alleviate chromium (VI) phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 96:189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.026
Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A et al (2015b) Trichoderma inoculation augments grain amino acids and mineral nutrients by modulating arsenic speciation and accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 117:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.027
Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A et al (2017) Arsenic tolerant Trichoderma sp. reduces arsenic induced stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Environ Pollut 223:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.073
Ullah S, Khan J, Hayat K et al (2020) Comparative study of growth, cadmium accumulation and tolerance of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Plants 9:310. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030310
Upadhyaya H, Shome S, Roy D, Bhattacharya MK (2014) Arsenic induced changes in growth and physiological responses in Vigna radiata seedling: effect of curcumin interaction. Am J Plant Sci 05:3609–3618. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.524377
Wang J, Guo P, Li X et al (2000) Source identification of lead pollution in the atmosphere of Shanghai City by analyzing single aerosol particles (SAP). Environ Sci Technol 34:1900–1905. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9907818
Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007a) Impact of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth, symbiosis, seed yield and nitrogen and metal uptake in chickpea. Aust J Exp Agric 47:712–720
Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007b) Cadmium, chromium and copper in greengram plants. Agron Sustain Dev 27:145–153. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007036
Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA (2015) Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol 8:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0009
Wezi GM, Sieglinde S, George YKP (2017) Biological nitrogen fixation and yield of pigeonpea and groundnut: quantifying response on smallholder farms in northern Malawi. African J Agric Res 12:1385–1394. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2017.12232
Wrigley CW, Corke H, Seetharaman K, Faubion J (2015) Encyclopedia of Food Grains, 2nd edn.
Xu Y, Zhou G, Zhou L et al (2007) Expression patterns of the rice class I metallothionein gene family in response to lead stress in rice seedlings and functional complementation of its members in lead-sensitive yeast cells. Chin Sci Bull 52:2203–2209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0335-5
Yadav SS, McNeil D, Stevenson PC (2007) Lentil. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht
Yan A, Wang Y, Tan SN et al (2020) Phytoremediation: a promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Front Plant Sci 11:359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00359
Yasin G, Fatima S, Saher A et al (2020) Indices for antioxidant enzymes activity and yield attributes of mash bean [Vigna mungo L. Hepper] genotypes under rhizospheric intensified lead (Pb) concentrations. J Pure Appl Agric 5:70–78
Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad I, Ahmad A (2014) Brassinosteroid-mediated evaluation of antioxidant system and nitrogen metabolism in two contrasting cultivars of Vigna radiata under different levels of nickel. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 20:449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-014-0259-x
Zeng LS, Liao M, Chen CL, Huang CY (2007) Effects of lead contamination on soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and rice physiological indices in soil-lead-rice (Oryza sativa L.) system. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 67:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.05.001
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Ahmad S, Bukhari SA et al (2014) Compositional studies and biological activities of some mash bean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) cultivars commonly consumed in Pakistan. Biol Res 47:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-47-23
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Prerona Biswas, Sima Sikdar and Aparna Shil for critically reading the manuscript and for their valuable inputs. We also acknowledge the infrastructural support received from Presidency University, Kolkata for the preparation of the manuscript. We also gratefully acknowledge funding from the FRPDF (Faculty Research & Professional Development Fund) Grant of Presidency University, Kolkata, to the corresponding author, the DST-FIST (Department of Science & Technology-Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure) Programme of Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata [Grant no. SR/FST/LSI-560/2013(c); dated 23-06-2015] and also the DBT-BUILDER (Department of Biotechnology-Boost to University Interdisciplinary Life Science Departments for Education and Research) Grant of Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata [Grant No. BT/INF/22/SP45088/2022; dated 17.02.2022]. University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test Fellowship Grant [F.16-6(DEC. 2016)/2017(NET), UGC-Ref. No.: 764/(ST)(CSIR-UGC NET DEC. 2016)] to Mr. Sudipta Majhi.
Funding
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance received from the FRPDF (Faculty Research & Professional Development Fund) Grant of Presidency University, Kolkata, to the corresponding author, the DST-FIST Programme of Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata [Grant no. SR/FST/LSI-560/2013(c); dated 23-06-2015] and also the DBT-BUILDER Grant of Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata [Grant no. BT/INF/22/SP45088/2022; dated 17.02.2022]. University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test Fellowship Grant [F.16-6(DEC. 2016)/2017(NET), UGC-Ref. No.: 764/(ST)(CSIR-UGC NET DEC. 2016)] to Mr. Sudipta Majhi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The first draft including figure and tables in the manuscript was prepared by SM. The final manuscript was supervised, reviewed and edited by MS (née Bhakta). The authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Majhi, S., Sikdar (née Bhakta), M. How heavy metal stress affects the growth and development of pulse crops: insights into germination and physiological processes. 3 Biotech 13, 155 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03585-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03585-0