Abstract
Dithiocarbamates constitute an important class of broad-spectrum antifungal compounds used extensively in agriculture, including in the cultivation of spices. Maximum residue limits for these compounds have been enforced by several importing countries in international food trade. Validation of analytical methods for dithiocarbamates in spices have not been reported previously. A quick and sensitive method for estimation of total dithiocarbamates as carbon disulphide (CS2) using GC-MS in two major spices, viz. small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomom) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) was optimized and validated. Dithiocarbamate residues in these spice matrices were extracted and subjected to acid hydrolysis followed by reduction to CS2, which was then quantitatively absorbed into isooctane and analysed using GC-MS, employing selected ion monitoring and post-run mid-column backflush technique. For fortification levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mg kg− 1, recoveries obtained ranged from 75 to 98% in cardamom and 76–98% in black pepper, with intra-day precision (RSDr) < 12% and inter-day precision (RSDR) < 15% in all cases. Limit of Quantification of 0.05 mg kg− 1 was achieved in both spices. It was found that there was negligible interference in quantitative accuracy due to essential oils present in the two spices studied. Matrix effect was seen to be suppressive in the two spices studied, and sufficiently low to exclude the use of matrix-matched calibration in routine quantitative analysis. The optimized analytical method was found to be suitable for evaluation of compliance of real samples against the Codex maximum residue limits for cardamom and black pepper. Safety evaluation for human consumption, based on the incidence of Dithiocarbamate residues, was performed in real samples of cardamom and black pepper. This method offers the possibility of extending applicability to other spices also.
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Abbreviations
- DTC:
-
Dithiocarbamates.
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer.
- MRLs:
-
Maximum residue limits.
- TMDI:
-
Theoretical maximum daily intake.
- MPI:
-
Maximum permissible intake.
- ADI:
-
Acceptable daily intake.
- DG-SANTE:
-
Director general for health and food safety (European Union).
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the use of instrumentation facilities at Quality Evaluation Laboratory (Kochi, Kerala), Spices Board, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.
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The analytical work was carried out by Ramesh Babu Natarajan, Ranjith Arimboor, Joby Jacob and Binumol Thankan under the guidance of Joby Thomas Kakkasery.
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Natarajan, R.B., Kakkasery, J.T., Arimboor, R. et al. Development and validation of a GC-MS method for analysis of Dithiocarbamate Fungicide residues in the Spices Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomom) and black pepper (Piper nigrum). J Food Sci Technol 59, 4097–4107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05462-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05462-9