Abstract
Coastal wetland degradation severely affects ecological balance and economic and social sustainability. Ecological restoration of degraded wetlands is crucial in research on wetland degradation. A common problem with previous studies is that they use the same tactics and technologies over the whole study area, taking little account of the spatial heterogeneity of wetland degradation. This study focuses on the spatial heterogeneity of wetland degradation, and proposes the goals and technologies for wetland restoration by examining the main issues and causes of the degradation of coastal wetlands in Jiangsu, China. Habitat loss and absolute loss are the dominant forms of degradation in Jiangsu, followed by the existence of invasive species and gradual loss. Land reclamation and invasive species are the primary causes of the degradation of coastal wetlands. Appropriate technologies and engineering approaches are also proposed for the ecological restoration and reconstruction of degraded coastal wetlands against these degradation characteristics. They include the promotion of siltation in native wetlands, vegetation recovery, functional recovery of constructed wetlands, and prevention of invasive species.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Retrogressive succession is a process in which the plant community becomes simplistic and contains fewer species and less biomass over time.
References
Armitage AR, Ho C, Madrid EN, Bell MT, Quigg A (2014) The influence of habitat construction technique on the ecological characteristics of a restored brackish marsh. Ecological Engineering 62:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.10.021
Audet J, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Andersen HE, Andersen PM, Hoffmann CC, Kjaergaard C, Kronvang B (2015) Environmental controls of plant species richness in riparian wetlands: implications for restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology 16(6):480–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.04.013
Badosa A, Frisch D, Arechederra A, Serrano L, Green AJ (2010) Recovery of zooplankton diversity in a restored Mediterranean temporary marsh in Doñana National Park (SW Spain). Hydrobiologia 654(1):67–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0370-0
Bao K, Shen J, Wang G, Gao C (2015) Anthropogenic black carbon emission increase during the last 150 years at coastal Jiangsu, China. PLoS One 10(7):e129680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129680
Berg P, Limited FN (2007) Field study presentation: the important role of trees in combating coastal erosion, wind and salt spray - a New Zealand case study. In proceedings coastal protection in the aftermath of Indian Ocean tsunami: what role for forests and trees? Khao Lak, Thailand
Bonilla-Warford MC, Zedler BJ (2002) Potential for using native plant species in Stormwater wetlands. Environmental Management 29(3):385–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0032-0
Brown SC, Bedford BL (1997) Restoration of wetland vegetation with transplanted wetland soil: an experimental study. Wetlands 17(3):424–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161432
Carvalho PN, Basto MCP, Almeida CMR, Brix H (2014) A review of plant–pharmaceutical interactions: from uptake and effects in crop plants to phytoremediation in constructed wetlands. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(20):11729–11763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2550-3
Clewell AF, Aronson J (2007) Ecological restoration: principles, values, and structures of an emerging profession. Washington D.C. Island Press
Cohen AN, Carlton JT (1998) Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science 279(5350):555–558. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5350.555
Comin FA, Sorando R, Darwiche-Criado N, Garcia M, Masip A (2014) A protocol to prioritize wetland restoration and creation for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds. Ecological Engineering 66:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.059
Cong, M., di Cao, J. Sun and F. Shi (2014) Soil microbial community structure evolution along halophyte succession in Bohai bay wetland. Journal of Chemistry, 2014: Article ID 491347, 8 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/491347
Costanza R, Groot RD, Sutton P, Poleg SD, Anderson SJ, Kubiszewski I, Farber S, Turner RK (2014) Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26(1):152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002
Costanza R, D'Arge R, Groot RD, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill R, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, Belt MVD (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 25(1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
Crockett RP (1991) Spartina control update. In Washington state department of agriculture. Proceedings of the 1991 Washington state weed conference. Olympia Washington: 41-44
Cronk JK, Fennessy MS (2016) Wetland plants: biology and ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Cui L, Li G, Liao H, Ouyang N, Zhang Y (2015) Integrated approach based on a regional habitat succession model to assess wetland landscape ecological degradation. Wetlands 35(2):281–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-014-0617-z
Cui L, Li G, Ren H, He L, Liao H, Ouyang N, Zhang Y et al (2014) Assessment of atmospheric correction methods for historical Landsat TM images in the coastal zone: A case study in Jiangsu, China. Europian Journal Remote Sensing 47:701–716. https://doi.org/10.5721/EuJRS20144740
Cui L, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Wang Y, Li W, Li S (2011) Status and outlook of wetland restoration research. World Forestry Research 24(2):5–9. https://doi.org/10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2011.02.002
Cushman SA (2006) Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: a review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128(2):231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.031
Daehler CC, Anttila CK, Ayres DR, Strong DR, Bailey JP (1999) Evolution of a new ecotype of Spartina Alterniflora (Poaceae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. American Journal of Botany 86(4):543–546
Davis JA, Froend R (1999) Loss and degradation of wetlands in southwestern Australia: underlying causes, consequences and solutions. Wetlands Ecology and Management 7(1–2):13–23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008400404021
Davis S, Ogden J (1994) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St.Lucie Press, Boca Raton
Day JW, Boesch DF, Clairain EJ, Kemp GP, Laska SB, Mitsch WJ, Orth K, Mashriqui H, Reed DJ, Shabman L, Simenstad CA, Streever BJ, Twilley RR, Watson CC, Wells JT, Whigham DF (2007) Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: lessons from hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Science 315(5189):1679–1684. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137030
DE Groot RS, Blignaut J, Ploeg SVD, Aronson J, Elmqvist T, Farley J (2013) Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conservation biology the journal of the society for. Conservation Biology 27(6):1286–1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12158
Deegan LA, Johnson DS, Warren RS, Peterson BJ, Fleeger JW, Fagherazzi S, Wollheim WM (2012) Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11533
Ding H, Hong L, Yang Z, Wang M, Wang K, Zhu X (2008) Progress of study on halophyte Suaeda Salsa. Acta Agriculture Jiangxi 20(8):35–37
Dong J, Xiao X, Sheldon S, Biradar C, Duong ND, Hazarika M (2012) A comparison of forest cover maps in mainland Southeast Asia from multiple sources: PALSAR, MERIS, MODIS and FRA. Remote Sensing of Environment 127(140):60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.022
Dong-Qi GU, Jun FU, Cong BL (2012) Evaluation of coastal wetlands degradation in Yancheng City and zonal diagnosis. Wetland. Science 10(1):1–7
Edwards KR, Proffitt CE (2003) Comparison of wetland structural characteristics between created and natural salt marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA. Wetlands 23(2):344–356. https://doi.org/10.1672/10-20
Ehrenfeld GJ (2003) Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6(6):503–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0151-3
Fairhead J, Leach M, Scoones I (2012) Green grabbing: a new appropriation of nature? Journal 39(2):237–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
Feist BE, Simenstad CA (2000) Expansion rates and recruitment frequency of exotic smooth cordgrass, Spartina Alterniflora (Loisel), colonizing unvegetated littoral flats in Willapa Bay, Washington. Estuaries 23(2):267–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352832
Fingerman M, Nagabhushanam R (2016) Bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Science Publishers, Plymouth
Fisher AJ, DiTomaso JM, Gordon TR (2005) Intraspecific groups of Claviceps purpurea associated with grass species in Willapa Bay, Washington, and the prospects for biological control of invasive Spartina Alterniflora. Biological Control 34(2):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.04.014
Glenn EP, Jed Brown J, O'Leary JW (1998) Irrigating crops with seawater. Science AmAmerican-AmAmerican Editor 279:76–81
Gu D, Fu J, Yan W, Cong B (2012a) Evaluation of coastal wetlands degradation in Yancheng City and Zonal Diagnosis. Wetland Science 10(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.2012.01.001
Gu X, Chen K, Huang W, Zhang L, Shen Q, Fan C et al (2012b) Preliminary application of a novel and cost-effective in-site technology in compacted lakeshore sediments for wetland restoration. Ecological Engineering 44:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.010
Guan B, Yu J, Lu Z, Xie W, Chen X, Wang X (2011) The ecological effects of Suaeda Salsa on repairing heavily degraded coastal saline-alkaline wetlands in the Yellow River Delta. Acta Ecologica Sinica 31(17):4835–4840
Guo H, Jiao JJ (2007) Impact of coastal land reclamation on ground water level and the sea water interface. Ground Water 45(3):362–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00290.x
Han Z, Pan C, Yu J, Chen H (2001) Effect of large-scale reservoir and river regulation/reclamation on saltwater intrusion in qiantang estuary. Science in China Series B: Chemistry 44(S1):221–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02884830
Hedberg P, Kotowski W, Saetre P, Mälson K, Rydin H, Sundberg S (2012) Vegetation recovery after multiple-site experimental fen restorations. Biological Conservation 147(1):60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.039
Hedge P, Kirwoken LK, Patten K (2003) A review of Spartina management in Washington state, US. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 41:82–90
Huang C, Zhang M, Zou J, Zhu A, Chen X, Mi Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Li Y (2015) Changes in land use, climate and the environment during a period of rapid economic development in Jiangsu Province, China. Science Total Environment 536:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.014
Jaeger JA (2000) Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation. Landscape Ecology 15(2):115–130. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008129329289
Jarzemsky RD, Ii MRB, Evans RO (2013) The impact of manipulating surface topography on the hydrologic restoration of a forested coastal wetland. Ecological Engineering 58(10):35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.002
Ji Z, Jiang Z, Zhu J, Yang G (1993) Impacts of sea level rise on coastal erosion in the Changjiang delta and north Jiangsu coastal plain. Acta Geographica Sinica 48(6):516–526
Jiang TT, Pan JF, Pu XM, Wang B, Pan JJ (2015) Current status of coastal wetlands in China: degradation, restoration, and future management. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 164:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.07.046
Kaza, N. and T.K. BenDor (2013) The land value impacts of wetland restoration The land value impacts of wetland restoration, 127: 289–299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.047
Ke C, Zhang D, Wang F, Chen S, Schmullius C, Boerner W, Wang H (2011) Analyzing coastal wetland change in the Yancheng national nature reserve, China. Regional Environmental Change 11(1):161–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0130-8
Kopeć D, Michalska-Hejduk D, Krogulec E (2013) The relationship between vegetation and groundwater levels as an indicator of spontaneous wetland restoration. Ecological Engineering 57:242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.028
Li B, Liao CH, Zhang XD, Chen HL, Wang Q, Chen ZY, Gan XJ, Wu JH, Zhao B, Ma ZJ, Cheng XL, Cheng LF, Chen JK (2009) Spartina Alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River estuary, China: an overview of current status and ecosystem effects. Ecological Engineering 35(4):511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.013
Li J, Pu L, Xu C, Chen X, Zhang Y, Cai F (2015) The changes and dynamics of coastal wetlands and reclamation areas in central Jiangsu from 1977 to 2014. Acta Geographica Sinica 70(1):17–28. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201501002
Lin G (2014) Ecological restoration techniques for coastal wetlands and their applications in China. China Ocean Press, Beijing
Liu C, Jiang H, Hou Y, Zhang S, Su L, Li X, Pan X, Wen Z (2010) Habitat changes for breeding Waterbirds in Yancheng National Nature Reserve, China: a remote sensing study. Wetlands 30(5):879–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0070-6
Liu F, Zong S, Huang Z (1992) A study on the succession of beach vegetation in Jiangsu Province. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment 1(1):13–17
Liu Y, Fang F, Li Y (2014) Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making. Land Use Policy 40:6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.03.013
Lv T, Zhang Y, Casas ME, Carvalho PN, Arias CA, Bester K, Brix H (2016) Phytoremediation of imazalil and tebuconazole by four emergent wetland plant species in hydroponic medium. Chemosphere 148:459–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.064
Ma Z, Melville DS, Liu J, Chen Y, Yang H, Ren W, Zhang Z, Piersma T, Li B (2014) Rethinking China's new great wall. Science 346(6212):912–914. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257258
Mack MC, D'Antonio CM (1998) Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13(5):195–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01286-X
Marcus L (2000) Restoring tidal wetlands at Sonoma Baylands, San Francisco Bay, California. Ecological Engineering 15(3–4):373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00087-2
Mattson GAI (2014) Characterization of dredged sediment used in coastal restoration and marsh creation projects. University of New Orleans, Dissertation
McDonald T, Jonson J, Dixon KW (2016) National standards for the practice of ecological restoration in Australia. Restoration Ecology 24(S1):S4–S32. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12359
Meli P, Benayas JMR, Balvanera P, Ramos MM (2014) Restoration enhances wetland biodiversity and ecosystem service supply, but results are context-dependent: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(4):e93507. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093507
Méndez Linares AP, López-Portillo J, Hernández-Santana JR, Ortiz Pérez MA, Oropeza Orozco O (2007) The mangrove communities in the arroyo Seco deltaic fan, Jalisco, Mexico, and their relation with the geomorphic and physical–geographic zonation. Catena 70(2):127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.05.010
Meng QF, Yang JS, Yao RJ, Li DS, Zhang CY, Ji RL (2011) Investigation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in reclaimed tidal flat soil:a case study of Jianggang County, China. Journal of agro-environment. Science 30(11):2249–2257
Miao SG, Dou JX, Chen F, Li J, Li AG (2012) Analysis of observations on the urban surface energy balance in Beijing. Science China Earth Sciences 55(11):1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4411-6
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: desertification synthesis. Island Press, Washington DC
Murray NJ, Clemens RS, Phinn SR, Possingham HP, Fuller RA (2014) Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(5):267–272. https://doi.org/10.1890/130260
Murray NJ, Phinn SR, Clemens RS, Roelfsema CM, Fuller RA (2012) Continental scale mapping of tidal flats across East Asia using the Landsat archive. Remote Sensing 4(11):3417–3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4113417
Natuhara Y, Kitano M, Goto K, Tsuchinaga T, Imai C, Tsuruho K, Takada H (2005) Creation and adaptive management of a wild bird habitat on reclaimed land in Osaka port. Landscape and Urban Planning 70(3–4):283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.022
Nicholls RJ, Cazenave A (2010) Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. Science 328(5985):1517–1520. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782
Norman M, Patten K (1997) Cost-efficacy of integrated Spartina control practices in Willapa Bay, Washington. In second international Spartina conference, Washington: Washington State University (p. 93-95)
O'Connell JL, Nyman JA (2010) Marsh terraces in coastal Louisiana increase marsh edge and densities of Waterbirds. Wetlands 30(1):125–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0009-y
Odum EP (1989) Experimental study of self-organization in estuarine ponds. Ecological Engineering 55:291–340
Owens KA, Bressers H (2013) A comparative analysis of how actors implement: testing the contextual interaction theory in 48 cases of wetland restoration. J ournal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 15(3):203–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2013.785668
Powell RL, Matzke N, Jr CDS, Clark M, Numata I, Hess LL, Roberts DA (2004) Sources of error in accuracy assessment of thematic land-cover maps in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sensing of Environment 90(2):221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.007
Ray GL (2007) Thin layer placement of dredged material on coastal wetlands: a review of the technical and scientific literature. No. ERDC/EL TN-07-1. ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB, 2007
Redfield GW (2000) Ecological research for aquatic science and environmental restoration in south Florida. Ecological Applications 10(4):990–1005.
Richardson CJ, Flanagan NE, Ho M, Pahl JW (2011) Integrated stream and wetland restoration: a watershed approach to improved water quality on the landscape. Ecological Engineering 37(1):25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.005
Rodriguez CF, Becares E, Fernandez-Alaez M, Fernandez-Alaez C (2005) Loss of diversity and degradation of wetlands as a result of introducing exotic crayfish. Biological Invasions 7(1):75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-9636-7
Rozas LP, Minello TJ (2001) Marsh terracing as a wetland restoration tool for creating fishery habitat. Wetlands 21(3):327–341.
Salovaara KJ, Thessler S, Malik RN, Tuomisto H (2005) Classification of Amazonian primary rain forest vegetation using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 97(1):39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.04.013
Schulz JJ, Cayuela L, Echeverria C, Salas J, Rey Benayas JEMI (2010) Monitoring land cover change of the dryland forest landscape of Central Chile (1975-2008). Applied Geography 30(3):436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.12.003
Shaffer GP, Day JW, Hunter RG, Lane RR, Lundberg CJ, Wood WB, Hillmann ER, Day JN, Strickland E, Kandalepas D (2015) System response, nutria herbivory, and vegetation recovery of a wetland receiving secondarily-treated effluent in coastal Louisiana. Ecological Engineering 79:120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.001
Shi Y, Zhu J, Xie Z, Ji Z, Jiang Z, Yang G (2000) The forecast and preventing strategy of sea-level rising influence in Yangtze Delta and adjacent area. Science China (Series D) 30(3):225–232
Sun Z, Mou X, Chen X, Wang L, Song H, Jiang H (2011) Actualities, problems and suggestions of wetland protection and restoration in the Yellow River Delta. Wetland. Science 9(2):107–115. https://doi.org/10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.2011.02.002
Thom CSB, La Peyre MKG, Nyman JA (2004) Evaluation of nekton use and habitat characteristics of restored Louisiana marsh. Ecological Engineering 23(2):63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.06.012
Tiner RW, Lang MW, Klemas VV (2014) Remote sensing of wetlands: applications and advances. CRC Press, London
Valiela I (2009) Global coastal change. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Verhoeven JT (2014) Wetlands in Europe: perspectives for restoration of a lost paradise. Ecological Engineering 66:6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.03.006
Wan S, Qin P, Liu J, Zhou HX (2009) The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina Alterniflora in China. Ecological Engineering 35(4):444–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.020
Wang L, Li J, Liu Y, Gan T (2015) Object-oriented method of building damage extraction from high-resolution images. In Geoinformatics, 2015 23rd International Conference on Wuhan, IEEE, (P.1–4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2015.7378622
Wang YP, Gao S, Jia J, Thompson CEL, Gao J, Yang Y (2012) Sediment transport over an accretional intertidal flat with influences of reclamation, Jiangsu coast, China. Marine Geology 291–294:147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.004
Wang Y, Zhang ZK (2006) River-sea interaction and the north Jiangsu plain formation. Quaternary. Sciences 26(3):301–320
Weinstein MP, Weishar LL (2002) Beneficial use of dredged material to enhance the restoration trajectories of formerly diked lands. Ecological Engineering 19(3):187–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(02)00077-0
Wilcox DA, Whillans TH (1999) Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. Wetlands 19(4):835–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161787
Wu J (2000) Landscape ecology——pattern, process, scale and hierarchy. Higher education press, Beijing
Wu J (2013) Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisited: 30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecology 28(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9836-y
Wu J, Hobbs R (2002) Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: an idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecology 17(4):355–365. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020561630963
Xie Z, Xu X, Yan L (2010) Analyzing qualitative and quantitative changes in coastal wetland associated to the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors in a part of Tianjin, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86(3):379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.03.040
Xu F, Yang D, Huang Z, Wall G (2005) Evaluating ecotourism in wetland areas based on entropy technology and AHP--a case study on red crowned crane wetland nature reserve in Yancheng, Jiangsu. Economic Geography 25(5):707–719. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2005.05.027
Yang G (2002) Coastal environmental change and its regional responses in China. Higher Education Press, Beijing
Yao C, Wan S, Sun D, Qin P (2009) Ecological mechanism of vegetation succession of coastal wetland in Yancheng nature reserve. Acta Ecologica Sinica 29(5):2203–2210
Yin SL, An SQ, Deng Q, Zhang JH, Ji HT, Cheng XL (2015) Spartina Alterniflora invasions impact CH4 and N2O fluxes from a salt marsh in eastern China. Ecological Engineering 81:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.044
Yu S, Zhou A, Sun Z (2011) Geoindicator system of wetland degradation. Geological Bulletin of China 30(11):1757–1762
Yu X, Ng C (2006) An integrated evaluation of landscape change using remote sensing and landscape metrics: a case study of Panyu, Guangzhou. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(6):1075–1092. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500377162
Zedler JB (2000a) Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15(10):402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01959-5
Zedler JB (2000b) Handbook for restoring tidal wetlands. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Zhang R, Shen Y, Lu L, Yan S, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang Z (2005) Formation of Spartina Alterniflora salt marsh on Jiangsu coast, China. Oceanologia ET Limnologia Sinica 36(4):358–366
Zhang WY, Yang JH, Li JK, Liu YJ, Huang JX, Li SY (2013a) Potential species and character of wild diesel Plant in Tianjin. In advanced materials research (Vol. 641, p. 578-582). Trans tech publications. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.641-642.578
Zhang X, Yan C, Xu P, Dai Y, Yan W, Ding X, Zhu C, Mei D (2013b) Historical evolution of tidal flat reclamation in the Jiangsu coastal areas. Acta Geography Sinca 68(11):1549–1558. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201311010
Zhang XQ, Wang GX, Wang Y (2006) The changes of erosion or progradation of tidal flat and retreat or extension of wetland vegetation of the Yancheng coast, Jiangsu. Marine Science 30(6):35–39+45
Zhang X, Liu X, Wang H (2014) Developing water level regulation strategies for macrophytes restoration of a large river-disconnected lake, China. Ecological Engineering 68:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.087
Zhao Q, Bai J, Huang L, Gu B, Lu Q, Gao Z (2016) A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetland restoration. Ecological Indicators 60:442–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.003
Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu F, Zhang H (2015) Recent changes in wetlands on the Tibetan plateau: a review. Journal of Geographical Sciences 25(7):879–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1208-5
Zhou HX, Liu J, Qin P (2009) Impacts of an alien species (Spartina Alterniflora) on the macrobenthos community of Jiangsu coastal inter-tidal ecosystem. Ecological Engineering 35(4):521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.06.007
Zhou T, Liu S, Feng Z, Liu G, Gan Q, Peng S (2015) Use of exotic plants to control Spartina Alterniflora invasion and promote mangrove restoration. Scientific Reports 5:12980. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12980
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under grant number 2012BAC21B01, the Ministry of land and resources of public welfare scientific research under grant number 201511057 and Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission 2016 (Grant No. KJ1600539). Many thanks go to “Data Sharing Network of Earth System Science (http://www.geodata.cn)” for reference data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cui, L., Li, G., Ouyang, N. et al. Analyzing Coastal Wetland Degradation and its Key Restoration Technologies in the Coastal Area of Jiangsu, China. Wetlands 38, 525–537 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-0997-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-0997-6