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Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review

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Abstract

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined as the rupture of immature blood vessels in the subependymal zone of premature infants with significant mortality and morbidity. Considering the notable social and ecological stress brought by GMH-induced brain injury and sequelae, safe and efficient pharmacological preventions are badly needed. Currently, several appropriate animal models are available to mimic the clinical outcomes of GMH in human patients. In the long run, hemorrhagic strokes are the research target. Previously, we found that minocycline was efficient to alleviate GMH-induced brain edema and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in rats, which may be closely related to the activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). However, how the two molecules correlate and the underlined molecular pathway remain unknown. To extensively understand current experimental GMH treatment, this literature review critically evaluates existing therapeutic strategies, potential treatments, and potentially involved molecular mechanisms. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the mechanisms are still controversial, requiring an increasing number of animal experiments before the therapeutic strategy would be widely accepted.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81571130; no. 81571116) and the National ‘973’ Project of China (no. 2014 CB541605). The authors thank Professor Guohua Xi from the University of Michigan for his professional suggestions on the logic and view in this field.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China

    Jun Tang, Yihao Tao, Bing Jiang, Qianwei Chen, Feng Hua, Gang Zhu & Zhi Chen

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    John Zhang

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  1. Jun Tang
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  2. Yihao Tao
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  3. Bing Jiang
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  4. Qianwei Chen
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  5. Feng Hua
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  6. John Zhang
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  7. Gang Zhu
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  8. Zhi Chen
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Correspondence to Gang Zhu or Zhi Chen.

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All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Tang, J., Tao, Y., Jiang, B. et al. Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review. Transl. Stroke Res. 7, 20–32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-015-0432-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-015-0432-8

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