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Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Seed Extract of Areca catechu with Antioxidant Potency and Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogenic Bacterial Strains

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Abstract

Areca catechu seed, often known as areca nut, is a source of numerous phytochemicals and is one of the main ingredients in the preparation of betel. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been fabricated by a microwave irradiation system using A. catechu seed extract as an effective bioreductant. The antioxidant efficacy of A. catechu seed extract was demonstrated using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric ion, hydrogen peroxide radical, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. The AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with an average particle size of 17.5 ± 0.5 nm, as evident by HRTEM analysis. AgNPs were tested for antibacterial effectiveness against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MLD 2), Klebsiella oxytoca (MLD 41), and Staphylococcus aureus (MLD 4) bacterial strains using standard antimicrobial assays including MIC, MBC, agar diffusion, and biofilm reduction assay. It was observed that MLD 41 (MIC value 12.5 μg/ml) appeared as the most sensitive against AgNPs, followed by MLD 2 (MIC value 50 μg/ml) and MLD 4 (MIC value 50 μg/ml). AgNPs were also found to be biocompatible (up to 50 μg/ml of AgNPs), as evident by the hemolysis assay. This study shows a simple, eco-friendly technique for fabricating AgNPs from A. catechu seed extract, as well as its antibacterial capabilities.

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Abbreviations

XRD:

X-ray powder diffraction

UV–vis:

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy

SAED:

Selected area (electron) diffraction

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline

NB:

Nutrient broth

NA:

Nutrient agar

MLD 41:

Klebsiella oxytoca

MLD 4:

Staphylococcus aureus

MLD 2:

Escherichia coli

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MBC:

Minimum bactericidal concentration

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

DAD:

Disc agar diffusion

AR:

Analytical reagent

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

AgNO3 :

Silver nitrate

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Acknowledgements

The University of Gour Banga is greatly acknowledged for providing me with the opportunity to work in the Department of Physiology and conduct biological research.

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Author notes

  1. Jhimli Banerjee and Sovan Samanta contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Salboni, Paschim Medinipur, 721 516, West Bengal, India

    Shib Shankar Dash

  2. Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India

    Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Biplab Giri & Sandeep Kumar Dash

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  1. Shib Shankar Dash
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  2. Jhimli Banerjee
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Contributions

Shib Shankar Dash, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Biplab Giri contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Shib Shankar Dash, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta and Sandeep Kumar Dash. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta and Shib Shankar Dash. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shib Shankar Dash or Sandeep Kumar Dash.

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Research Involving Humans and Animals Statement

The study protocol was approved by Institutional Ethics committee (Human) of the University of Gour Banga, Malda, with approval no: UGB/IEC (Human)/004–19.

Informed Consent

EDTA-stabilized human blood samples were collected from six healthy participants after getting their verbal and written consent for this study.

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Dash, S.S., Banerjee, J., Samanta, S. et al. Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Seed Extract of Areca catechu with Antioxidant Potency and Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. BioNanoSci. 12, 210–227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-021-00927-1

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