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Hydrological modeling and simulation of water balance components using the SWAT model in the coal mining province of the Mahan River catchment, Central India

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Abstract

The research was employed to simulate the watershed's hydrologic behavior and to predict stream flow in the Mahan River catchment area alongside the effect of six underground (UG) and opencast (OC) mines for the past decades. Following the SWAT model run, the mining area sub-watersheds possess (SW20, SW26, SW28, SW31 and SW38) a comparatively lesser sediment yield of 61.41 Metric Ton/ha than that of non-mining area sub-watersheds 159.40 Metric Ton/ha. Amongst all hydrological components, evapotranspiration with 531.2 mm consumed 39% of the total annual precipitation (1365.3 mm). The total discharge was estimated to be 775.57 mm, which comprises Surface Runoff of about 351.89 mm, Return Flow (402.21 mm) and Lateral flow (21.47 mm), while percolation into the unconfined and confined aquifers as soil and groundwater storage also accounted for 58.86 mm. The statistical indicators and graphs indicate that the model performs satisfactorily for the daily streamflow (R2 = 0.875, p = 0.71, r = 0.76 and NSE = 0.87 during the validation (R2 = 0.817) as that during the calibration period. The model performed satisfactorily during the simulation and the results showed that the mines play a critical role in changing the hydrological regime of the watershed with low recharge and moderate evapotranspiration characteristics. Taken together, the SWAT model appears to be a reliable tool for forecasting stream discharge over long periods of time, in parallel with the likely impacts of mining activity on HRUs.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the support of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi for providing the facilities required to publish this paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of their respective organizations.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India

    Rukaiya Kausher & Anand Kr. Sinha

  2. Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited, Nagpur, 440014, India

    Rambabu Singh

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  1. Rukaiya Kausher
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by RK, Dr. AKS and Dr. RS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Rukaiya Kausher and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rambabu Singh.

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Kausher, R., Singh, R. & Sinha, A.K. Hydrological modeling and simulation of water balance components using the SWAT model in the coal mining province of the Mahan River catchment, Central India. Environ Earth Sci 83, 185 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11472-x

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