Abstract
This study aims to develop a methodology for generating a flood runoff susceptibility (FRS) map using a revised curve number (CN) method. The study area is in the Kuantan watershed (KW), Malaysia, which was seriously affected by floods in December 2013 and December 2014. A revised runoff CN map was developed for the study area and then compared with those available in the SCS standard tables. The CN obtained from the revised approach range between 18 and 100, which reveals a stretching effect on the CN, which initially ranged between 33 and 100. Subsequently, the FRS map was developed for the KW. Approximately 5 % of the study area was identified as a very high-risk zone and 13 % as high-risk zone. However, the spatial extent of a high-risk zone in the downstream end and lowland areas of the KW could be considered to be the main cause of flood damage in recent years. From practical point of view, the finding of this research provides a road map for government agencies to effectively implement flood mitigation projects in the study area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbari A (2015) Slope adjustment of runoff curve number (CN) using advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) global digital elevation model (GDEM) for Kuantan river basin. In: SPIE remote sensing, international society for optics and photonics, pp 96441W–96452W
Akbari A, Samah AA, Othman F (2010) Practical use of SRTM digital elevation dataset in the urban-watershed modeling. J Spat Hydrol 10:13–26
Akbari A, Samah AA, Othman F (2012) Integration of SRTM and TRMM date into the GIS-based hydrological model for the purpose of flood modelling. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Dis 9:4747–4775
Alizadeh A (2006) Principles of applied hydrology. Astane Ghods Press, Mashhad
Beck HE, de Jeu RA, Schellekens J, van Dijk AI, Bruijnzeel L (2009) Improving curve number based storm runoff estimates using soil moisture proxies. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 2:250–259
Feldman A (2000) Hydrologic modeling system (HEC-HMS): technical reference manual. US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington
Fu S, Zhang G, Wang N, Luo L (2011) Initial abstraction ratio in the SCS-CN method in the Loess Plateau of China. Trans ASABE 54:163–169
Garen DC, Moore DS (2005) Curve number hydrology in water quality modeling: uses, abuses, and future directions1. Wiley, London
Hawkins RH (1978) Runoff curve numbers with varying site moisture. J Irrig Drain Div 104:389–398
Hawkins RH (1993) Asymptotic determination of runoff curve numbers from data. J Irrig Drain Eng 119:334–345
Hawkins RH, Ward TJ, Woodward DE, Van Mullem JA (2009) Curve number hydrology: state of the practice. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston
Huang M, Gallichand J, Wang Z, Goulet M (2006) A modification to the Soil Conservation Service curve number method for steep slopes in the Loess Plateau of China. Hydrol Process 20:579–589
Huang M, Gallichand J, Dong C, Wang Z, Shao M (2007) Use of soil moisture data and curve number method for estimating runoff in the Loess Plateau of China. Hydrol Process 21:1471–1481
Kakuturu SP, Chopra MB, Hardin M, Wanielista MP (2013) Runoff curve numbers for simulated highway slopes under different slope, soil–turf, and rainfall conditions. J Hydrol Eng 18:299–306
Knisel WG (1980) CREAMS: a field-scale model for chemicals, runoff and erosion from agricultural management systems. USDA conservation research report
Lim KJ, Engel BA, Muthukrishnan S, Harbor J (2006) Effects of initial abstraction and urbanization on estimated runoff using Cn technology1. Wiley, London
Mahdavi M (2005) Applied hydrology, vol 2. Tehran University Press, Tehran
Michel C, Andréassian V, Perrin C (2005) Soil conservation service curve number method: how to mend a wrong soil moisture accounting procedure? Water Resour Res 41:1–6. doi:10.1029/2004WR003191
Miliani C, Rosi F, Brunetti BG, Sgamellotti A (2010) In situ noninvasive study of artworks: the MOLAB multitechnique approach. Acc Chem Res 43:728–738
Mishra S, Singh VP, Sansalone J, Aravamuthan V (2003) A modified SCS-CN method: characterization and testing. Water Resour Manage 17:37–68
Mishra S, Tyagi J, Singh V, Singh R (2006) SCS-CN-based modeling of sediment yield. J Hydrol 324:301–322
Montaldo N, Ravazzani G, Mancini M (2007) On the prediction of the Toce alpine basin floods with distributed hydrologic models. Hydrol Process 21:608–621
NASA (2015) Routine ASTER global digital elevation model. US Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/about. Accessed Apr 2015
Neitsch S, Arnold J, Kiniry J, Williams J, King K (2005) Soil and water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2005. Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX
Noor NM, Rosni NA (2013) Determination of spatial factors in measuring urban sprawl in Kuantan using remote sensing and GIS. Proc Soc Behav Sci 85:502–512
Ponce VM, Hawkins RH (1996) Runoff curve number: has it reached maturity? J Hydrol Eng 1:11–19
Rabuffetti D, Ravazzani G, Corbari C, Mancini M (2008) Verification of operational quantitative discharge forecast (QDF) for a regional warning system—the AMPHORE case studies in the upper Po River. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8:161–173
Rallison RE (1980) Origin and evolution of the SCS runoff equation. In: Symposium on watershed management. ASCE, pp 912–924
Rietz D, Hawkins RH (2000) Effects of land use on runoff curve number Watershed Management 2000, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1061/40499(2000)110
Schouwenburg M et al (2013) Integrated land and water information system (ILWIS), 3.7th edn. 52°North, Leiden, The Netherlands
Sharpley AN, Williams JR (1990) EPIC-erosion/productivity impact calculator: 1. Model documentation. Technical bulletin—United States Department of Agriculture
Shi Z-H, Chen L-D, Fang N-F, Qin D-F, Cai C-F (2009) Research on the SCS-CN initial abstraction ratio using rainfall-runoff event analysis in the Three Gorges Area. China Catena 77:1–7
Simanton J, Sutter N (1973) Procedures for identifying parameters affecting storm runoff volumes in a semiarid environment. USDA, ARS ARS-W 1
Simanton J, Hawkins R, Mohseni-Saravi M, Renard K (1996) Runoff curve number variation with drainage area, Walnut Gulch, Arizona. Trans ASAE 39:1391–1394
USDA (1986) Urban hydrology for small watersheds. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Engineering Division, Washington
Woodward DE, Hawkins RH, Jiang R, Hjelmfelt A, Van Mullem JA, Quan QD (2003) Runoff curve number method: examination of the initial abstraction ratio. In: Proceedings ASCE conference proceedings, Philadelphia, p 308
Xiao B, Wang Q-H, Fan J, Han F-P, Dai Q-H (2011) Application of the SCS-CN model to runoff estimation in a small watershed with high spatial heterogeneity. Pedosphere 21:738–749
Young RA, Onstad C, Bosch D, Anderson W (1989) AGNPS: a nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. J Soil Water Conserv 44:168–173
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank NAHRIM, Malaysia, for providing data. We also thank UMP and the IOES/UM for supporting this research via Grant Numbers RDU150127 and IOES-2014B.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akbari, A., Samah, A.A. & Daryabor, F. Raster-based derivation of a flood runoff susceptibility map using the revised runoff curve number (CN) for the Kuantan watershed, Malaysia. Environ Earth Sci 75, 1379 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6186-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6186-0