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Major ions and trace elements of two selected rivers near Everest region, southern Himalayas, Nepal

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Abstract

During pre-monsoon of 2013, water samples were collected from 30 sites of two major rivers, viz. Dudh Koshi and Indrawati to assess the river water quality on the southern side of the Nepalese Himalayas. The physical parameters such as pH, EC, turbidity and water temperature were measured in the field and major ions (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO4 2−, and NO3 −) and element concentrations (Li, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Pb, U, Y, Zr, Nb and Cd) in the water samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The result indicated river waters were neutral to mostly alkaline with pH ranging from 6.57 to 8.81 and EC ranging from 10.5 to 321 μS/cm. The lower values of turbidity were recorded in the pristine tributaries of Dudh Koshi, whereas the main rivers had the higher values with a range of 0.51–515 NTU. Bicarbonate (HCO3 −) showed a significant correlation with Ca2+ and Mg2+, suggesting carbonate weathering as the dominant geochemical process in the region. Furthermore, the Gibbs plot also suggested the dominance of rock weathering. Very low concentration of trace elements was found in most of the samples which were within the WHO guidelines. In addition, the concentrations of toxic elements such as As and Pb were below the detectable limits in most of the samples. Furthermore, the analysis of PCA suggests that most of the elements originated from natural weathering; however, there were some evidences of anthropogenic effect on water quality which may not be critical issue at present but can be of concern in future.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41225002, 41121001), Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB03030504), and Academy of Finland (264307). The authors would like to thank Defu Zou for helping in Fig. 1.

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  1. Shichang Kang

    Present address: State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Rukumesh Paudyal

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Rukumesh Paudyal & Dipesh Rupakheti

  3. Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal

    Rukumesh Paudyal, Chhatra Mani Sharma & Lekhendra Tripathee

  4. Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland

    Rukumesh Paudyal, Chhatra Mani Sharma & Mika Sillanpää

  5. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Shichang Kang

  6. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal

    Chhatra Mani Sharma

  7. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Lekhendra Tripathee, Jie Huang & Dipesh Rupakheti

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Paudyal, R., Kang, S., Sharma, C.M. et al. Major ions and trace elements of two selected rivers near Everest region, southern Himalayas, Nepal. Environ Earth Sci 75, 46 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4811-y

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