Abstract
The content of this paper refers to the modelling of the geographic environment impact on the off-road vehicles movement in raster format. The common influences of relief slope, micro-relief forms, soils, vegetation, hydrology, built-up areas, meteorological factors, etc. on the vehicle speed deceleration are calculated. To determine the impact of various geographic environment types on the vehicle movement, many field tests and laboratory analysis were provided using military and rescue vehicles. Modelling principle of cross-country vehicle mobility in raster format is based on the idea that each geographic factor “F” located at given elementary terrain area and affecting vehicle speed has its own value of deceleration coefficient C, C i ∊ 〈0, 1〉 (C i ∊ 〈0 %, 100 %〉). The value of this coefficient expresses the fact of how many times (or percent) a certain geographic factor will decelerate the vehicle speed. The final vehicle deceleration is calculated using synthesis of corresponding raster cells in elementary terrain area in which the influences of geographic factors on vehicle speed are constant. The ArcGIS software suite was used for building the cross-country movement (CCM) database and constructing the CCM map. The database, which has been developed for selected vehicles by the Military Geographical Service of the Czech Armed Forces, should serve as a military geographical support tool during the military and civil operations to improve vehicle navigation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahlvin RB, Haley PW (1992) NRMM II users guide, vol 1, 2, 2nd edn. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station
Chen M, Lin H, Hu M, He L, Zhang Ch (2013) Real geographic scenario based virtual social environment: integrate geography with social research. Environ Plan B-Plan Design 40(6):1103–1121
Ciobotaru T (2009) Semi-empiric algorithm for assessment of the vehicle mobility. Leonardo Electron J Pract Technol (15):19–30 (ISSN 1583-1078)
Cross-Country Mobility (1997) Users manual. ESRI, USA
Lin H, Chen M, Guonian L (2013a) Virtual geographic environment: a workspace for computer-aided geographic experiments. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 103(3):465–482
Lin H, Chen M, Lu G, Zhu Q, Gong J, You X, Wen Y, Xu B, Hu M (2013b) Virtual geographic environments (VGEs): a new generation of geographic analysis tool. Earth Sci Rev 126:74–84
Procedural Guide for Preparation of DMA Cross-Country Movement (CCM) Overlays (1993) Defense mapping school. Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Rabab Z (2003) Development of cross country networks for military manoeuvre analysis. MSc Thesis. Hermitage, UK: Royal School of Military Survey
Rybansky M (2007) Effect of the geographic factors on the cross country movement during military operations and the natural disasters. In: International Conference on Military Technologies, University of Defence, Brno (Czech Republic), pp 590–596 (ISBN 978-80-7231-238-2)
Rybansky M (2009) The cross-country movement: the impact and evaluation of geographic factors. Brno, p 113 (ISBN 978-80-7204-661-4)
Rybansky M (2010) The cross-country movement—modeling. Brno, p 100 (ISBN: 978-80-7204-717-8)
Rybansky M (2013) Modelling of the optimal vehicle route in terrain in emergency situations using GIS data. In: 8th international symposium of the digital earth (ISDE8) 2013, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 2014 IOP conference series: earth environmental science 18 012071 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012131
Rybansky M, Vala M (2009a) Analysis of relief impact on transport during crisis situations. In: Moravian geographical reports, vol 17, No. 3, pp 36–43 (ISSN 1210-8812)
Rybansky M, Vala M (2009b) Geographic Conditions of Military Transport Using Roads and Terrain. In: ICMT’09—International conference on military technologies 2009, Brno (Czech Republic), p 9 (ISBN 978-80-7231-649-6 (978-80-7231-648-9 CD))
Rybansky M, Vala M (2009c) Relief Impact on Transport. In: ICMT’09—International conference on military technologies 2009, Brno (Czech Republic), p 9 (ISBN 978-80-7231-649-6 (978-80-7231-648-9 CD))
Rybansky M, Vala M (2010) Vehicle Maneuver through a Vegetation. In: Proceedings of the Joint 9th Asia-Pacific ISTVS Conference, Sapporo, Japan, p 16
Spencer DR (2002) An investigation of improved algorithms for modelling surface interactions between vehicles and terrain. MSc Thesis. Hermitage, UK: Royal School of Military Survey
STANAG 3992-AGeoP-1 Terrain Analyses (1990) Field Manual No. 5-33. Headquarters Department of the Army. Washington, DC
Stodola P, Mazal J (2010) Optimal location and motion of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles. WSEAS Trans Signal Process 6(2):68–77 (ISSN 17905022)
Stodola P, Mazal J, Rybansky M (2010) Dead Reckoning Navigation for Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles in a Real Terrain. In: Proceedings of the Joint 9th Asia-Pacific ISTVS Conference, Sapporo, Japan, p 10
Taheri Sh, Sandu C, Taheri S, Pinto E, Gorsich D (2015) A technical survey on terramechanics models for tire-terrain interaction used in modeling. J Terrramech 57:1–22
Talhofer V, Hošková-Mayerová Š, Hofmann A (2012) Improvement of digital geographic data quality. Int J Prod Res 50(17):4846–4859 (ISSN 0020-7543)
Tate J (2006) Terrain Analysis for Decision Making. In: Mang R, Häusler B (eds) International Handbook Military Geography. Ministry of Defence, Vienna. ISBN 3-901183-50-7
Vala M, Rybansky M (2010) Relief impact to cross-country movement. In: Proceedings of the Joint 9th Asia-Pacific ISTVS Conference, Sapporo, Japan, p 16
Zhang Ch, Chen M, Jörgensen SE, Lin H, Li R (2015) What’s going on about geo-process modeling in virtual geographic environments (VGEs). Ecol Model. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.04.023
Acknowledgments
This paper is a particular result of the defence research project ZRO K-210 GEORADIANT and Specific research project 2015 at the department K-210 managed by the University of Defence in Brno.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rybansky, M., Hofmann, A., Hubacek, M. et al. Modelling of cross-country transport in raster format. Environ Earth Sci 74, 7049–7058 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4759-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4759-y