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Diurnal and nocturnal variations of trace metals in urban atmospheric particulate matter from Islamabad, Pakistan

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Abstract

Concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn are measured in the atmospheric particulates from urban Islamabad, Pakistan during diurnal and nocturnal periods. On an average, the total suspended particulates and concentrations of Ca, Fe and Mg levels are considerably higher during day time and Cu concentrations are higher during night time. Significantly diverse correlations of elements are observed both during diurnal and nocturnal particulates. Multivariate principal component analysis reveals major anthropogenic contributions due to automobile emissions, combustion processes and industrial emissions. Enrichment factors show dominant anthropogenic contributions of Cd and Pb, followed by Co, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ca in diurnal and nocturnal atmospheric particulates. Comparison of metal concentrations observed in this study with those of previous studies from Islamabad and other urban areas around the world shows higher concentrations than those in some European cities but, in general, are lower than in large metropolitan cities.

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Acknowledgments

The financial assistance provided by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad to carry out this project is thankfully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Faraz Ahmed, Munir H. Shah & Nazia Shaheen

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  1. Faraz Ahmed
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  2. Munir H. Shah
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  3. Nazia Shaheen
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Correspondence to Munir H. Shah.

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Ahmed, F., Shah, M.H. & Shaheen, N. Diurnal and nocturnal variations of trace metals in urban atmospheric particulate matter from Islamabad, Pakistan. Environ Earth Sci 71, 817–826 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2484-y

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