Abstract
In this study, we cultivated Calocybe indica (C. indica) on wheat straw basal substrate and analysed the influence of supplementation of nitrogenous tree leaves of Syzygium cumini (SCL), Bauhinia variegate (BVL) and Cassia fistula (CFL) on yield, nutritional composition, and antioxidant properties. Wheat straw basal substrate was supplemented with different proportions (25, 50, and 75%) of SCL, BVL and CFL to determine the most effective substrate composition. Results indicated that 25 BVL was the best substrate for producing highest yield (622 g) and biological efficiency (82.93%) of C. indica. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to observe the correlation within nutritional parameters (crude fat, crude protein, ash, fibre, carbohydrates, moisture and dry matter) and how these different parameters varied in different treatments used in this study. PC1 and PC2 represented 76.27% of total variation in the observed variables. Supplementation of leafy biomass significantly (p < 0.05) improved the minerals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Se) and nutritional contents of the C. indica over wheat straw alone. PCA of mineral content (mg/100 g) of the C. indica grown on WS supplemented with nitrogenous tree leaves showed their grouping to PC1 and most of the mineral are positively correlated as depicted in correlation matrix. The impact of different substrates on the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of C. indica was also studied. Among the ten treatments, 25 BVL produced the fruiting bodies with high antioxidant properties followed by 25 CFL and 25 SCL. In conclusion, nitrogenous leafy biomass could be an economical, novel and easily accessible nitrogenous supplementation for C. indica cultivation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Purkayastha, R.P.: Cultivation of Calocybe indica (P & C). Indian J. Mushrooms 10–11, 12–17 (1985)
Govindan, S., Johnson, E.E.R., Christopher, J., Shanmugam, J., Thirumalairaj, V., Gopalan, J.: Antioxidant and anti-aging activities of polysaccharides from Calocybe indica var. APK2. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 68(6), 329–334 (2016)
Subbiah, K.A., Balan, V.: A comprehensive review of tropical milky white mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C). Mycobiology 43(3), 184–194 (2015)
Selvi, S., Umadevi, P., Suja, S., Sridhar, K., Chinnaswamy, P.: Inhibition of in vitro lipid peroxidation (LPO) evoked by Calocybe indica (milky mushroom). Anc. Sci. Life 26, 42–45 (2006)
Rajeswari, P., Krishnakumari, S.: Potent antihyperglycaemic activity of Calocybe indica in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats antihyperglycemic activity of Calocybe indica. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 5, 512–515 (2013)
Selvi, S., Umadevi, P., Murugan, S., Giftson Senapathy, J.: Anticancer potential evoked by Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica using T24 urinary bladder cancer cell line. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(37), 7279–7285 (2011)
Ghosh, S.K.: Study of anticancer effect of Calocybe indica mushroom on breast cancer cell line and human Ewings sarcoma cancer cell lines. N. Y. Sci. J. 8(5), 10–15 (2015)
Ganapathy, J., Renitta, E.: Evaluation of anti-cancer activity and anti-oxidant status of Calocybe indica (milky mushroom) on Dalton’s Lymphoma ascites induced mice. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 8(10), 466–475 (2014)
Vijaykumar, G., John, P., Ganesh, K.: Selection of different substrates for the cultivation of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P & C). Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 13(2), 434–436 (2014)
Bokaria, K., Balsundram, S.K., Bhattarai, I., Kaphle, K.: Commercial production of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica). Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci. 2(2), 032–037 (2014)
Yildiz, S., Demirci, Z., Yalinkilic, M.K., Yildiz, U.: Utilization of some lignocellulosic wastes as raw material for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation in Northern Karadeniz region. Proc. XI World For. Congr. 3, 261 (1997) (in Antalya)
Alananbeh, K.M., Bouqellah, N.A., Al Kaff, N.S.: Cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on date-palm leaves mixed with other agro-wastes in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 21(6), 616–625 (2014)
Krishnamoorthy, A.S.: Studies on Cultivation of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C). Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore (1995)
Rathore, H., Sharma, A., Prasad, S., Sharma, S.: Selenium bioaccumulation and associated nutraceutical properties in Calocybe indica mushroom cultivated on Se enriched wheat straw. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 126(4), 482–487 (2018)
AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington (1995)
Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Saha, S., Walia, S.: Yield and nutritional content of Pleurotus sajor caju on wheat straw supplemented with raw and detoxified mahua cake. Food Chem. 141, 4231–4239 (2013)
Li, H., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Li, X., Sun, Z.: Yield, size, nutritional value, and antioxidant activity of oyster mushrooms grown on perilla stalks. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24, 347–354 (2017)
Dong, J., Zhao, L., Cail, L., Fang, H., Chen, X., Ding, Z.: Antioxidant activities and phenolics of fermented Bletilla formosana with eight plant pathogen fungi. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 118(4), 396–399 (2014)
Thimmaiah, S.K.: Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis, pp. 49–77. Kalyani Publishers, Noida (1997)
Girmay, Z., Gorems, W., Birhanu, G., Zewdie, S.: Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) Kumm (oyster mushroom) on different substrates. AMB Express 6, 87 (2016)
Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Kumar, A., Alam, P., Ahmad, P.: Enhancing nutritional contents of Lentinus sajor-caju using residual biogas slurry waste of detoxified mahua cake mixed with wheat straw. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1529 (2016)
Perez, J., Munoz-Dorado, J., de la Rubia, T., Martinez, J.: Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin: an overview. Int. Microbiol. 5, 53–63 (2002)
Chukowry, N.D., Nowbuth, R.D., Lalljee, B.: Evaluation of tea wastes as an alternative substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation. Univ. Maurit. Res. J. 15, 458–473 (2009)
Fanadzo, M., Zireva, D.T., Dube, E., Mashingaidze, A.B.: Evaluation of various substrates and supplements for biological efficiency of Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus ostreatus. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 2756–2761 (2010)
Royse, D.J., Sanchez-Vazquez, J.E.: Influence of substrate wood-chip particle size on shiitake (Lentinula edodes) yield. Bioresour. Technol. 76(3), 229–233 (2001)
Peter, C.K.: Mini-review on edible mushrooms as source of dietary fiber: preparation and health benefits. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2(3–4), 162–166 (2013)
Adebayoa, E.A., Olokea, J.K., Azeeza, M.A., Omomowoa, I.O., Bora, T.C.: Assessment of the genetic diversity among ten genotypes of Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) using nutrient and mineral compositions. Sci. Hortic. 166, 59–64 (2014)
Fakoya, S., Adejumo, A.F., Akinyele, J.B.: Effect of the use of Pycnanthus angolensis and different supplements on yields and on the proximate composition of Pleurotus sajor-caju. J. Mycol. 1–4, 642807 (2014)
Chahmi, N., Anissia, J., Jennan, S., Farah, S., Sendide, K., Hassoun, M.E.: Antioxidant activities and total phenol content of Inula viscosa extracts selected from three regions of Morocco. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 5(3), 228–233 (2015)
Mishra, A., Sharma, A.K., Kumar, S., Saxena, A.K., Pandey, A.K.: Bauhinia variegata leaf extracts exhibit considerable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013, 915436 (2013)
Bahorun, T., Neergheen, V.S., Aruoma, O.I.: Phytochemical constituents of Cassia fistula. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4, 1530–1540 (2005)
Eshwarappa, R.S.B., Iyer, R.S., Subbaramaiah, S.R., Richard, S.A., Dhananjaya, B.D.: Antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini leaf gall extracts. Bioimpacts 4(2), 101–107 (2014)
Acknowledgements
Authors are highly grateful to the University Grant Commission (UGC, Grant No. 2010/2011-NETJRF-10299-69) and National Horticulture Board (NHB, Grant No. NHBNHB/HO/IIT DELHI/005/2013-14) for providing financial support for carrying out the research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rathore, H., Sharma, A., Prasad, S. et al. Yield, Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Calocybe indica Cultivated on Wheat Straw Basal Substrate Supplemented with Nitrogenous Tree Leaves. Waste Biomass Valor 11, 807–815 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0416-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0416-5