Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Waste to Wealth: A Case Study of Papaya Peel

  • case study
  • Published:
Waste and Biomass Valorization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Papaya is a popular fruit consumed worldwide and well-known for its food and nutritional values. It is used in food industries for the production of jams, jellies, etc. As a result, these industries generate huge amounts of papaya peel (PP) and seeds as by-products, which are typically considered a waste, and thus discarded. However, our current investigation indicates that PP is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which can be converted into many value-added products. In this article, we review the physicochemical composition and valorization of PP. PP can be utilized to obtain many value-added products by fermentation (e.g., biofuels, adsorbents, dietary fibers, biomedicine, biomaterials). The biorefinery approach for PP will definitely increase the value of this waste by producing an array of value-added products and achieving zero waste generation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. FAOSTAT: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (2014). Accessed 5 Mar 2017

  2. Medina, J.D.L.C., Gutiérrez, G.V., García, H.S.: PAPAYA: post-harvest, operations. In: Mejía, D. (ed.): Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz (ITV) (http://www.itver.edu.mx): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013)

  3. Parniakov, O., Barba, F.J., Grimi, N., Lebovka, N., Vorobiev, E.: Impact of pulsed electric fields and high voltage electrical discharges on extraction of high-added value compounds from papaya peels. Food Res. Int. 65, 337–343 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yogiraj, V., Goyal, P.K., Chauhan, C.S., Goyal, A., Vyas, B.: Carica papaya Linn: an overview. Int. J. Herb. Med. 2(5), 1–8 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Aravind, G., Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S., Harish, G.: Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. J. Med. Plants Stud. 1(1), 7–15 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Evans, E.A., Ballen, F.H.: An Overview of Global Papaya Production, Trade, and Consumption, in FE913. 2015, Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension

  7. Parniakov, O., Roselló-Soto, E., Barba, F.J., Grimi, N., Lebovka, N., Vorobiev, E.: New approaches for the effective valorization of papaya seeds: Extraction of proteins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and isothiocyanates assisted by pulsed electric energy. Food Res. Int. 77(4), 711–717 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A., Kulkarni, B.D.: Valorization of banana peel: a biorefinery approach. Rev. Chem. Eng. 30(6), 651–666 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kumara, M.P.P.R., Wijetunga, S.: Biogas production potential of select raw materials commonly found in house hold waste. In: 15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium. 2010. Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

  10. Chukwuka, K.S., Iwuagwu, M., Uka, U.N.: Evaluation of nutritional components of Carica papaya L. at different stages of ripening. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 6(4), 13–16 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Negesse, T.: Nutrient composition, volatile fatty acids production, digestible organic matter and anti-nutrtional factors of some agro-industrial by-products of Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Sci. 32(2), 149–156 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Borse, R.D.: Carbohydrate changes during fruit ripening stages in mango. Indian J. Appl. Res. 4(10), 82–83 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tosun, I., Ustun, N.S., Tekguler, B.: Physical and chemical changes during ripening of blackberry fruits. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 65(1), 87–90 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. de Matuoka e Chiocchetti, G., De Nadai Fernandes, E.A., Bacchi, M.A., Pazim, R.A., Sarriés, S.R.V., Tomé, T.M.: Mineral composition of fruit by-products evaluated by neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 297(3), 399–404 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Asghar, N., Naqvi, S.A., Hussain, Z., Rasool, N., Khan, Z.A., Shahzad, S.A., Sherazi, T.A., Janjua, M.R., Nagra, S.A., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Jaafar, H.Z.: Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents. Chem. Cent. J. 10, 5 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Koubala, B.B., Christiaens, S., Kansci, G., Loey, A.M.V., Hendrickx, M.E.: Isolation and structural characterisation of papaya peel pectin. Food Res. Int. 55, 215–221 (2104)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Aarumugam, P., Bhavan, P.S., Muralisankar, T., Manickam, N., Srinevasan, V., Radhakrishnan, S.: Growth of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii fed with mango seed kernel, banana peel and papaya peel incorporated feeds. Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol. 4(2), 12–25 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Borthakur, S., Goswami, U.C.: Cage culture of magur Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) withselected non-conventional diets in a floodplain wetland ofAssam. Indian J. Fish 54(4), 357–363 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fouzder, S.K., Chowdhury, S.D., Howlider, M.A.R., Podder, C.K.: Use of dried papaya skin in the diet of growing pullets. Br. Poult. Sci. 40, 88–90 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Munguti, J.M., Liti, D.M., Waidbacher, H., Straif, M., Zollitsch, W.: Proximate composition of selected potential feedstuffs for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusLinnaeus) production in Kenya. Die Bodenkultur. 57(3), 131–141 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Santos, C.M.D., Abreu, C.M.P.D, Freire, J.M., Queiroz, E.D.R., Mendonça, M.M.: Chemical characterization of the flour of peel and seed from two papaya cultivars. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas) 34(2), 353–357 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hardia, S., Iqbal, S.: Production of the best natural health supplements using fruit waste materials. Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev. 3(5), 131–133 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yang, J., Tan, H., Cai, Y.: Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their effect on silage fermentation of fruit residues. J Dairy Sci. 99(7), 5325–5334 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Waly, M.I., Al-Rawahi, A.S., Al Riyami, M., Al-Kindi, M.A., Al-Issaei, H.K., Farooq, S.A., Al-Alawi, A., Rahman, M.S.: Amelioration of azoxymethane induced-carcinogenesis by reducing oxidative stress in rat colon by natural extracts. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14, 60 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Orhue, P.O., Momoh, A.R.M.: Antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts of Carica papaya fruit parts on some gram positive and gram negative organisms. Int. J. Herbs Pharmacol. Res. 4(2), 42–47 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Contreras-Calderón, J., Calderón-Jaimes, L., Guerra-Hernández, E., García-Villanova, B.: Antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and vitamin C in pulp, peel and seed from 24 exotic fruits from Colombia. Food Res. Int. 44(7), 2047–2053 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Parni, B., Verma, Y.: Biochemical properties in peel, pulp and seeds of Carica papaya. Plant Arch. 14(1), 565–568 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Faller, A.L.K., Fialho, E.: Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. J. Food Compos. Anal. 23(6), 561–568 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Marina, Z., Noriham, A.: Quantification of total phenolic compound and invitro oxidation potential of fruit peel extracts. Int. Food Res. J. 21(5), 1925–1929 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tafese Bezuneh, T.: UV–Visible spectrophotometric quantification of total polyphenol in selected fruits. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 4(3), 397 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Parniakov, O., Barba, F.J., Grimi, N., Lebovka, N., Vorobiev, E.: Electro-biorefinery as a potential tool for valorization of mango and papaya by-products. 53, 418–421 (2016)

  32. Matsusaka, Y., Kawabata, A.J.: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of non-edible parts of some selected tropical. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 16(5), 467–472 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Prakash, A., Mathur, K., Vishwakarma, A., Vuppu, S., Mishra, B.: Comparative Assay of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of indian culinary seasonal fruit peel extracts obtained from Vellore, Tamilnadu. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 19(1), 131–135 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Khan, J.A., Yadav, J.S., Srivastava, Y., Pal, P.K.: In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Carica papaya. Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Allide Sci. 1(7), 933–945 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rakholiya, K., Kaneria, M., Chanda, S.: Inhibition of microbial pathogens using fruit and vegetable peel extracts. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 65(6), 733–739 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Roy, S., Lingampeta, P.: Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost Broad spectrum natural antimicrobial compounds-furanone, furfural and benezenetriol. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 3(7), 273–279 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Agarwal, R., Garg, N., Kashyap, S.R., Chauhan, R.P.: Antibacterial finish of textile using papaya peels derived silver nanoparticles. Indian J. Fibre Text. Res. 40, 105–107 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Morais, D.R., Rotta, E.M., Sargi, S.C., Schmidt, E.M., Bonafe, E.G., Eberlin, M.N., Sawaya, A.C.H.F., Visentainer, J.V.: Antioxidant activity, phenolics and UPLC–ESI(–)–MS of extracts from different tropical fruits parts and processed peels. Food Res. Int. 77, 392–399 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yogiraj, V., Goyal, P.K., Chauhan, C.S., Goyal, A., Vyas, B.: Carica papaya Linn: an overview. Int. J. Herbal Med. 2(5), 01–08 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chowdhury, B.R., Garai, A., Deb, M., Bhattacharya, S.: Herbal toothpaste-A possible remedy for oral cancer. J. Nat. Prod. 6, 44–55 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Saheed, O.K., Jamal, P., Karim, M.I.A., Alam, M.Z., Muyibi, S.A.: Utilization of fruit peels as carbon source for white rot fungi biomass production under submerged state bioconversion. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 28(2), 143–151 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Malek, K., Norazan, M., Ramaness, P., Othman, N.Z., Malek, R., Aziz, R., Aladdin, A., Enshasy, H.E.: Cysteine proteases from Carica papaya: an important enzyme group of many industrial applications. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 11(2), 11–16 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  43. P, T.V., Stanley, S.A.: Studies on the effect of the different modes of extraction on enzyme activity of proteolytic enzymes from the peels of three fruit samples Carica papaya (Papaya), Ananas comosus (Pine Apple) and Actinidia deliciosa (Kiwi). SCITECH J. 2(2), 27–32 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chaiwut, P., Pintathong, P., Rawdkuen, S.: Extraction and three-phase partitioning behavior of proteases from papaya peels. Process Biochem. 45(7), 1172–1175 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Vangalapati, M., Nandam, S.S., D.V, S.P., Avanigadda, S.: Production of protease through SSF by Bacillus Subtilis NCIM 2724. J. Chem. Biol. Phys. Sci. 2(4), 1929–1935 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Espin, N., Islam, M.N.: Stabilization of papain from papaya peels. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 4, 179–187 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kumar, C.S.C., Mythily, R., Chandraju, S.: A rapid and sensitive extraction of sugars from papaya peels (Carica papaya). Der Pharma Chem. 4(4), 1631–1636 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kumar, C.S.C., Mythily, R., Chandraju, S.: A rapid and sensitive extraction of sugar from papaya peels. Der Pharma Chem. 4(4), 1631–1636 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chelliappan, B., Madhanasundareswari, K.: Production and optimization of growth conditions for invertase enzyme by aspergillus sp., in solid state fermentation (SSF) using papaya peel as substrate. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci. 3(3), 266–269 (2013/14)

  50. Patidar, M.K., Nighojkar, S., Kumar, A., Nighojkar, A.: Papaya peel valorization for production of acidic pectin methylesterase by Aspergillus tubingensis and its application for fruit juice clarification. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 6, 58–67 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Paques, F.W., Pio, T.F., Carvalho, P.D.O., Macedo, G.A.: Characterization of the lipase from Carica papaya residues. Braz. J. Food Technol. 11(1), 20–27 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bind, A., Kumar, M., Singh, D.: Optimization of SCP production of Aspergillus niger using different fruit peels. Int. J. Bioinform. Biol. Sci 1(1), 1–8 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Panda, S.K., Mishra, S.S., Kayitesi, E., Ray, R.C.: Microbial-processing of fruit and vegetable wastes for production of vital enzymes and organic acids: biotechnology and scopes. Environ. Res. 146, 161–172 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Raj, M.S., Roselin, P., Kishori, M.R., Rachel, D.S., Radhika, S., Tejaswi, P.: Biowaste as substrate for ethanol production. Int. J. Biol. Sci. Eng. 3(2), 116–121 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Vaitheki, S., Deepa, B.: A comparative study on the production of bioethanol from individual and mixed fruit wastes. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2(5), 652–656 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Jayaprakashvel, M., Akila, S., Venkatramani, M., Vinothini, S., Bhagat, S.S.J., Hussain, A.J.: Production of bioethanol from papaya and pineapple wastes using marine associated microorganisms. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia 11(SE), 193–199 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Dahunsi, S.O., Oranusi, S., Efeovbokhan, V.E.: Cleaner energy for cleaner production: modeling and optimization of biogas generation from Carica papayas (Pawpaw) fruit peels. J. Clean. Prod. 156, 19–29 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Dahunsi, S.O., Oranusi, S., Owolabi, J.B., Efeovbokhan, V.E.: Mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of poultry dropping and Carica papaya peels: modelling and process parameter optimization study. Biores. Technol. 216, 587–600 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Srivastava, P., Malviya, R.: Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry—an overview. Indian J. Nat. Products Resour. 2(1), 10–18 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Altaf, U., Immanuel, G., Iftikhar, F.: Extraction and characterization of pectin derived from papaya (Carica papaya linn.) Peel. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 3(4), 970–974 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Boonrod, D., Reanma, K., Niamsup, H.: Extraction and physicochemical characteristics of acid soluble pectin from raw papaya. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 33(1), 129–135 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Maran, J.P., Prakash, K.A.: Process variables influence on microwave assisted extraction of pectin from waste Carcia papaya L. peel. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 73, 202–206 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Rachtanapun, P.: Blended films of carboxymethyl cellulose from papaya peel (CMCp) and corn starch. Kasetsart J. Nat. Sci. 43, 259–266 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wankasi, D., Tarawou, T.: Furfural production from the peels of ripe pawpaw (Carica papaya l.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruits by acid catalyzed hydrolysis. Am. J. Food Nutr. 1(3), 136–140 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fadzil, M.R.B.: Comparative study on the extraction of β-carotene in the flesh and peel of papaya. In: Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology). Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia (2010)

  66. Mekonnen, E., Yitbarek, M., Soreta, T.R.: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto some selected local adsorbents. S. Afr. J. Chem. 68, 45–52 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Abbaszadeh, S., Wan Alwi, S.R., Webb, C., Ghasemi, N., Muhamad, I.I.: Treatment of lead-contaminated water using activated carbon adsorbent from locally available papaya peel biowaste. J. Clean. Prod. 118, 210–222 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Abbaszadeh, S., Alwi, S.R.W., Ghasemi, N., Muhamad, I.I., Webb, C.: Removal of PB(II) from aqueos solution using papaya peels. In: SOMChE & RSCE, vol. 1, no. H003, pp. 1–9 (2014)

  69. Teja, D.D., Bhavani, M., Sridevi, V., Snehalatha, P., Lohita, M.: Biosorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using Papaya peel. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2(8), 4073–4081 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mittal, A.K., Chisti, Y., Banerjee, U.C.: Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. Biotechnol. Adv. 31(2), 346–356 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Prasad, C.H., Srinivasulu, K.: Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using biogenic silver nanoparticles derived from papaya (Carica papaya) peel extract. Ind. Chem. 01(01), 104 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Bhuvaneswari, G., Radjarejesri, S.: Green synthesis and characterization of CdS quantum dots. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 8(5), 104–108 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Jain, D., Daima, H.K., Kachhwaha, S., Kothari, S.: Synthesis of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles using papaya fruit extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct. 4, 557–563 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Islam, M.N., Molinar-Toribio, E.M.: Development of a meat tenderizer based on papaya peel. IDTechnologico. 9(2), 24–29 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rachtanapun, P., Eitssayeam, S., Pengpat, K.: Study of carboxymethyl cellulose from papaya peels as binder in ceramics. Adv. Mater. Res. 93–94, 17–21 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A., Kulkarni, B.D.: Valorization of pomgranate peel: a biorefinery approach. Waste Biomass Vaolriz. 8(4), 1127–1137 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A., Kulkarni, B.D.: Valorization of potato peel: a biorefinery approach. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 38(2), 218–230 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Pranav D. Pathak

    Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pacific School of Engineering, Surat, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440 010, India

    Pranav D. Pathak & Sachin A. Mandavgane

  2. CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India

    Bhaskar D. Kulkarni

Authors
  1. Pranav D. Pathak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sachin A. Mandavgane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bhaskar D. Kulkarni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sachin A. Mandavgane.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A. & Kulkarni, B.D. Waste to Wealth: A Case Study of Papaya Peel. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 1755–1766 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0181-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0181-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation