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Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) Fermentation Supernatant Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

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Abstract

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves are commonly used to enhance endurance and treat various diseases. This study evaluated the effect of kratom leaf fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157:H7. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were also performed. Antioxidant properties were determined by measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities. Nitric oxide and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were also measured. Aqueous kratom extract exhibited promising effects against free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, all fermented kratoms showed significant antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens and antibiofilm formation by S. aureus and MRSA. Furthermore, the eradication of established biofilms of fermented kratoms was observed in S. aureus (day 2, 50 mg/mL) and E. coli (day 2, 100 mg/mL and day 4, 50 mg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that fermented and non-fermented kratoms could be nutraceutical sources of antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory substances against related diseases and can be applied further in dietary or cosmetic products with health-promoting effects.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the excellent support during the experiments from the Research Institute for Health Sciences Walailak University, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Jirakrit Saetang for their kind help and recommendation during the current study.

Funding

This study was supported by the Walailak University, funded by Dr. CBD Co., Ltd., grant number WUSTP-10/2565.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand

    Phoomjai Sornsenee

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand

    Siriphorn Chimplee

  3. Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

    Chonticha Romyasamit

  4. Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

    Chonticha Romyasamit

  5. Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Thasala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

    Chonticha Romyasamit

  6. Center of Excellent in Marijuana, Hemp and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand

    Chonticha Romyasamit

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  1. Phoomjai Sornsenee
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  2. Siriphorn Chimplee
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Contributions

Conceptualization, C.R. and P.S.; methodology, C.R. and P.S.; software, C.R.; validation, C.R.; formal analysis, C.R. and S.C.; investigation, C.R.; resources, C.R.; data curation, C.R. and P.S.; writing—original draft preparation, C.R., S.C. and P.S.; writing—review and editing, C.R., S.C. and P.S.; visualization, C.R.; supervision, C.R.; project administration, C.R.; all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chonticha Romyasamit.

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Sornsenee, P., Chimplee, S. & Romyasamit, C. Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) Fermentation Supernatant Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10142-x

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