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Anatomy of the thoracic limb muscles of wild boars (Sus scrofa, Artiodactyla: Suidae)

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Abstract

The study of the muscular anatomy of wild boar (Sus scrofa) is important, because it allows the understanding of the locomotor and evolutionary aspects, besides the improvement of surgical techniques used by veterinarians in swine. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the morphology and disposition of the shoulder and arm muscles of S. scrofa. Twelve young specimens of hybrid S. scrofa, six males and six females were fixed and dissected following usual anatomy techniques. The bones of two specimens were prepared to analyze the fixation points of the muscles. The shoulder muscles presented fixation at the scapula and humerus, in distinct bone accidents, and were divided on lateral and medial faces. On the lateral face, the deltoid (divided in acromial and scapular parts), supraspinatus, infraspinatus (divided in cranial and caudal parts) and teres minor (deep to the caudal part of the infraspinatus) muscles were found. In the medial face, the subscapular, coracobrachialis and teres major muscles were observed. The arm muscles were arranged essentially around the humerus and were seen largely on its medial face, namely biceps brachii (originated by a single tendon), brachialis, tensor fasciae antebrachii (fused with the long head of the triceps brachii), triceps brachii (divided in lateral, long and medial heads) and anconeus (located mostly on the lateral side) muscles. Thus, it can be concluded that the S. scrofa presented seven muscles in the shoulder region and six muscles in the arm region, all with morphological similarities to domestic and some wild animals. Some differences were found, for the most part, in the shape, division and fixation points of certain muscles.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, Brazil) for support this research

Funding

The research was supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq, Brazil) with scholarship.

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Contributions

GFR: data curation, investigation, formal analysis; VMC: investigation; LAR: supervision; LAS: methodology; LTM: visualization; RACB: writing—original draft preparation; ZS: conceptualization; DCOS: project administration, writing—reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniela Cristina de Oliveira Silva.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Ethical statement

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Committee on Ethics in Use of Animals of the Federal University of Uberlandia under the protocole number 103/13.

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Rodrigues, G.F., Coelho, V.M., Ribeiro, L.A. et al. Anatomy of the thoracic limb muscles of wild boars (Sus scrofa, Artiodactyla: Suidae). Anat Sci Int 96, 239–249 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-020-00580-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-020-00580-w

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